Civil Pp05

CHAPTER5
MeasuringDistanceandElevation
MeasuringDistanceandElevation
Measuringland:
Distance
Elevation
Anglesbetweenpoints
AncientEgyptians,knownasropestretchers,measured
distanceusingropesknottedatintervals.
Distanceandelevationcannowbemeasuredusing
satellitesandsophisticatedelectronicsurveying
instruments.
CivilDraftingTechnology,7thedition
Madsen,Shumaker,andMadsen
2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.
MeasuringDistance
TraditionalDistanceMeasurement(Appendix
A):
Chainingortaping
Distancebystadia
ElectronicDistanceMeasurement
TheChain
Chains:Manualdistancemeasurementtools.
GunterChain66feetlong,dividedintofeet,
inches,andtenthsofinches.
LandChain20meterlongsegments,divided
intometers.
Steeltapeusually100footlong,dividedinto
feet,inches,andtenthsofinches.SeeFigureA1
TheChain
Measuringdistancewithachain:
Chainsmustbehorizontaltomeasuredistance.
Hub.
Plumbbob.SeeFigureA2
Breakingchain.SeeFigureA3
DistancebyStadia
StadiaGreekwordderivedfromthe
measurementofstadiumsin600Greekfeet,
whichisabout6069Americanfeet.
Stadianowmeansmeasuringdistanceusinga
verticalrodandoptics(alevel).
DistancebyStadia
Measuringdistancebystadia:
Philadelphiarod7,12,or13verticalroddivided
intofeet,hundredthsofafoot,andthousandthsofa
foot.Readusingalevel.
Levelopticallevelthatrestsonatripod,anddisplays
3crosshairs.Subtractthedistancefromtopcrosshair
fromthedistanceofthebottomcrosshair,andthen
multipleby100toobtainthedistance.
SeeFigureA4
Usesameasurementinstrumentknownasan
electronicdistancemeter(EDM).
TraditionalEDMsuseradioorlightwavesto
measuredistance:
Radioorlightwavesaretransmittedfromaninstrument
onatripod(PointA)toareflectoronatripod(Point
B).Thetimeittakestheradioorlightwavestoreturn
totheinstrumentcanbetranslatedintoadistance.
CurrentEDMsuseinfraredand
lasertechnology.
Infraredorlaserbeamprojected
fromanEDMisreflectedbya
prismorprismarraymountedon
atripod.
Cubecornerprism(shown)a
cornercutoffofacubeofglass.
Usedinasinglereflector.
Distancesareautomatically
recorded.
Distancescanbemeasuredona
levellineofsightoronaslope.
Totalstation(shown)
combinesEDMandangle
measurementtoproduceX,Y,
andZcoordinates.
10
MeasuringElevation
Theverticalmeasurementofapointeitherbelow
oraboveareference.
Referencedatums:
Pointsofknownelevations,suchasabenchmark.
Temporarycontrolpoints.
Principlereferencedatum:
Meanseallevel(MSL):theaverageofhighandlow
tidestakenoveranextendedperiodoftime.
11
MeasuringElevation
HandLevel
LevelandRod
ElectronicElevationMeasurement
12
HandLevel
Usedforsimplelevelingandmarkingof
approximateelevation.
Usingahandlevel.
13
ElevationbyLevelandRod
Levelingusingalevelatripodandalevelrod.
14
Differentiallevelingfindingthedifferencein
elevationbetweenapointofknownelevation
(benchmark)andapointofunknownelevation.
15
This benchmark is a "bolt" in the NW

corner of the CN Station at Main St &
Broadway in Winnipeg.
This survey disk on Portage Ave just

west of Century St.
16
This benchmark is on the southeast

corner of the Richardson Building at
Portage & Main in Winnipeg MB.
This deep benchmark is in Coronation

Park on St Marys Rd opposite
Claremont Ave in Winnipeg,
Manitoba.
17
This survey mark is under a "BM"

cover along the south curb line of
Portage Ave at Conway St.
This survey mark is located in the

forest an undeveloped parcel of land
near the Seven Sisters Power Dam.
The marker is dated 1923.
18
Basiclevelingsteps:
1. Placetherodatthepointofknownelevation,called
thebacksight.
2. Setuptripodapproximatelyhalfwaybetweenthe
backsightandthepointofunknownelevation,called
theforesight.
Anchorthetripod.
Placelevelontripod=instrument.
Leveltheinstrument.
3. Sightthroughthelevelandtakeareadingontherod
atthebacksight.
19
Basiclevelingsteps(cont.):
4. Addthebacksightelevationtotheelevationofthe
knownpoint.Thismeasurementistheheightof
theinstrument(H.I.).
5. Placetherodatforesight.
6. Subtracttheforesightelevationfromtheheightof
theinstrument.
20
Levelingadditionalelevations:
7. Continueidentifyunknownelevationsusingthe
currentbacksightandheightofinstrumentsetup.
8. Repeatsteps1through7toidentifyadditional
elevationsifneeded.
21
Findingelevation:
22
Usethisexampletofindtheunknown
elevation:
23
ReadingaLevelRod:
Divisionswholefeet,tenthsofafoot,hundredths
ofafoot.
Wholefeetlargerednumbers,andsmallnumbers
ateverythreetenthsofafoot.
Tenthsofafootlargeblacknumbers.
Hundredthsofafootblackmarks.
24
ReadingaLevel
Rod:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c
zPibdRDDUU
25
LevelRodTargets:
Usedwhentherodis
furtherthan200300feet
fromthepersonoperating
theinstrument.
Therodpersonreadsthe
locationofthetargeton
therod.
26
Identifytherod
readingsateach
mark:
27
RecordingMeasurements
Avarietyofsurveyinformationisrecoded,
includingmeasurements,instrumentreadings,
andcalculations.
Measurementrecordsandfieldnotesarekept
inafieldnotebookforfuturereferenceandas
legalevidence.
28
Fieldnotebookwithlevelinginformation:
29
EDMsandtotalstations
canrecordmeasurements
electronically:
30
MeasurementTerminology
BenchMark(BM)
EstablishedbytheUSGeologicalSurvey.
Mostaccurate.
Longitude,latitude,elevationabovesealevel.
TemporaryBenchMark(TBM)
Semipermanent.
Mostpermanent=TurningPoint(TP).
Rock,steelrod,firehydrant,etc.
31
Monument(MON)
Foresight(FS)
Amarkerusedtoindicatetheboundaryorcornerofa
parcelofland.
Arodlocationinsurveyingfromwhichanelevation
and/orlocationreadingistaken.
IntermediateForesight(IFS)
Additionalelevationmeasurement.
Maynotbeaccurate(notabenchmark)
Usedforreference.
32
Backsight(BS)
Elevation(Elev)
Feetabovesealevel.
TopOf(T.O.)
Therodortargetlocationfromwhichameasurementis
madethatislocatedintheoppositedirectionofthe
survey.
Identifiesthetopofsomething.
Curb,marker,rock,structure,etc.
HeightofInstrument(H.I.)
33
PrecisionLevelingTechniques
Globalpositioningsystems(GPS)
Totalstation
DigitalLevelprocessesdistancesandelevations
electronicallyusingaspecialrod.
Distanceandelevationreadingsarecalculatedandstoredin
thelevel.
Informationcanbedownloadedintoacomputersystem.
Opticalmicrometerleveluseslightraystoaccurately
measuredistanceandelevation.
34
ConstructionLevelingandGradingby
Laser
Measuringdistanceandelevationusinglasersand
aspecialrod.
Rotatingbeamlasergeneratesareferenceplanethat
canbedetectedusingabeamdetectoronarod.
Horizontalsinglebeamlaserusedtolevellong
straightitemslikeatunnel,road,orpipeline.
Angledsinglebeamlaserusedtodeterminegrade,or
slope.
35
LaserScanning
Alaserisusedtoproduceamassof3Dpoint
data,knownasapointcloud.
Processedwithsoftwaretoproduceadigital
terrainmodel(DTM).
Usedtocreateamodelofexistingstructures.
36
LaserScanning
37
Chapter5Activities
Chapter5Test
Chapter5Problems
38

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CHAPTER5

This benchmark is a "bolt" in the NW

This survey disk on Portage Ave just

This benchmark is on the southeast

This deep benchmark is in Coronation

This survey mark is under a "BM"

This survey mark is located in the

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