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CHAPTER9

ContourLines

ContourLines

Usedtorepresentdifferencesinelevation.
Connectpointsofequalelevation.
Showthegenerallayoftheland.
Describegeographicalfeatures.
Usedintopographicmaps.

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ContourInterval

Thedifferenceinelevationrepresentedbyeach
contourlineonatopographicmap.
Thedifferenceinaltitude(elevation)representedby
thespacebetweentwocontourlinesonamap
CONTOUR INTERVAL
50 FEET

ELEV. 250
SLOPE

ELEV. 200
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Slopes

Thesteepnessofaslopecanbedeterminedby
thespacingofcontourlines.

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Slopes

Uniformgentleslope

Contourlinesare
approximatelythesame
distanceapart.
Greaterdistancebetween
contourlines.

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Slopes

Uniformsteepslope

Contourlinesare
approximatelythesame
distanceapart.
Lessdistancebetween
contourlines.

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Slopes

Concaveslope

Flattenstowardsthe
bottom.
Lessdistancebetween
contourlinesatthetopof
theslopethanatthe
bottom.

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Slopes

Convexslope

Steepertowardsthe
bottom.
Greaterdistancebetween
contourlinesatthetopof
theslopethanatthe
bottom.

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Cliffs

Verticalslope

Contourlinesmerge.

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StreamsandRidges

Singlestream

Interestingstreams

StreamsformVshapedcontourlines.ThebottomoftheV
pointsupstream.

IntersectingstreamsformMshapedcontourlines.Thetopsof
theMpointupstream.

Hillsandridges

HillsandridgesformUshapedcontourlines.Thebottomofthe
Upointsdownhill.

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ReliefFeatures

Obviousgeographicfeatures.
Domeshapedhill

Peakofahillormountainformscircularcontourlines
ofeverdecreasingdiameter.
Figure98a

Saddle

Alowspotbetweentwosidebysidepeaks.
Figure98b

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ReliefFeatures

Depression

Humanmadeholesornaturalsinks.
Shortlinespointintothedepression.
Figure98c

Overhang:

Lowerelevationcontourlinesrununderhigher
elevationcontourlines.
Figure98d

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TypesofContourLines

IndexContours

IntermediateContours

Everyfifthcontourline.
Thick.
Brokenatspecificintervalsandlabeledwiththecontourlineelevation.
Fourcontourlinesbetweentheindexcontours.
Definethecontourinterval(distancebetweenparallellinesinreferenceto
elevation).
Thin.
Typicallynotlabeledwiththecontourlineelevation.

SupplementaryContours

Sometimesusedtodescribeadditionaldetail,especiallyonflatfeatures.
Usuallydashed,andshownashalfthecontourinterval.

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TypesofContourLines

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TypesofContourLines

RefertoFigure99toanswerthefollowing:

Whatisthedistanceinelevationbetweentheindexlines?

Whatisthedistanceinelevationbetweentheintermediate
lines?

10

Whatisthedistanceinelevationbetweenthesupplementary
lines?

50

Whatisthecontourinterval?

10

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TypesofContourLines

Elev.OfFigure99

INDEX

ELEV. 500

SUPPLEMENTARY

ELEV. 490

INTERMEDIATE

ELEV. 480
ELEV. 475
ELEV. 470
ELEV. 460
ELEV. 450

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ContourLineValues

Valuesrepresentelevationsabovemeansea
level.
Meansealevel

Theaverageelevationoftheoceanbetweenhigh
andlowtides.
0feetelevation.

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ContourLineValues

Contourintervalvaluesdependon:

Thesizeofthesurvey.
Thepurposeofthemap.
Thedesireddetail.
Thedifferenceinelevationontheplot.

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WaysofConstructingContourLines

Traditionalandmanualtechniques.
Interpolation.
UsingspecializedCADDsoftware.
Groundsurveyrequiredtoaccuratelyindentify
topography.

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ControlPointSurvey

Acommonmethodofestablishingelevationsfor
useincontourmapping.
Process:

1. Surveyfieldnotesareplottedonthemapandlabeled.
2. Acontourintervalischosenbasedonthelandarea,
topography,andelevationdifferential.Thecontour
intervaldefinestheelevationofeachcontourline.
3. Contourlinesaredrawn.

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ControlPointSurvey

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Interpolation

Interpolatecontourlinepointsinordertofind
whereaspecificcontourlineelevationcrosses
thehorizontalandverticalgrid:

Estimation
Mathematicalinterpolation

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InterpolationbyEstimation

StudyFigure912andfollowtheinformation
presentedintheInterpolatingContourLines
byEstimationsectionofChapter9tobetter
understandhowtoestimateelevationpoints
quadranglemaps.

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Interpolation

Mathematicalinterpolation(page240):
Slope=Rise(differenceinelevationofknownpoints)
Run(distancebetweenpointsofknownelevation)

SeeFigure914.

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GridSurvey
1. Aplotoflandisdividedintoagrid.

VerticalgridlinesareidentifiedwithlettersA,B,C,D
Horizontalgridlines(stations),areidentifiedinhundredsoffeet
plustensoffeet:

0+00=0footstation
0+20=20feetfrom0+00station
1+50=150feetfrom0+00station
9+00=900feetfrom0+00station

Distancebetweenhorizontalandverticalgridlinesisequal
(createssquares).Thesizeofthesquaresisdeterminedbythe
surveyorbasedonthelandarea,topography,andelevation
differential.

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GridSurvey
2. Theelevationofeachgridintersectionis
measuredandlabeledinfieldnotes.

Table91

3. Drawthegrid.

Figure916a

4. Labeltheelevationateachgridintersectionusing
thefieldnotemeasurements.

Figure916b

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GridSurvey
5. Identifythecontourinterval.Thecontour
intervalwilldefinetheelevationofeach
contourline.
6. Interpolatecontourlinepointsinordertofind
whereaspecificcontourlineelevationcrosses
thehorizontalandverticalgrid.

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GridSurvey
7. Connectpointsofequalelevationusinga
curvedline(spline).

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GridSurvey

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RadialSurvey

Usedtolocatepropertycorners,structures,natural
features,andelevationpoints.
Oftenusedwhentheinstrumentcannotbelocatedata
knownpoint.
Radiationlocatingcontrolpointsfromacentral
locationcalledatransitstation.

Angular(azimuths)anddistancemeasurements,knownas
sideshots,aretakenbetweenthetransitstationandcontrol
points.

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RadialSurvey

Multipletransitstationsmayberequiredto
surveyalargeproperty.

Baselinethelinebetweentwostations.
Transitlinesthelinesbetweenthreeormore
stations.

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RadialSurvey

Drawingcontourlines:

1. Labeltheelevationateachsideshotusingfieldnote
measurements.
2. Identifythecontourinterval.Thecontourintervalwill
definetheelevationofeachcontourline.
3. Interpolatecontourlinepointsinordertofindwherea
specificcontourlineelevationbetweenexisting
points.
4. Connectpointsofequalelevationusingacurvedline
(spline).

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RadialSurvey

Interpolatecontourlinepointsinordertofindwherea
specificcontourlineelevationbetweenexistingpoints:

Calculatethedifferenceinelevationbetweentwopoints.
Identifythedistancebetweenthetwopoints.
Step1Step2=percentofslope.
Subtractthelowerelevationfromthenearestcontour.
Step4Step3=distancefrompointoflowerelevationto
thenearestcontour.

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RadialSurvey

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PlottingContourLineswithCADD

Manualmethods.
SpecializedCADDsystems:

SurveyedelevationsareimportedintotheCADD
software,transferringdatafromthesurvey
instrument(suchasanelectronictotalstation)toan
officecomputer.
Surveypointsareconnectedintoatriangulation
networkofsurfaces,whichcanthenbeusedto
generatecontours.

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Chapter9Activities

Chapter9Testallbut914
Chapter9Problemsp92andp94
UsetheCADfilesfromthestudentwebsiteto
drawthecontourlinesoneachsurvey.
InP92useestimation.
InP94usecalculatedinterpolation.

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