CHAPTER12

Earthwork

Earthwork

Earthworkcutting(excavating)andfillingareas
ofearth.
Cutremovingearthfromhillsidesandhigh
spots.
Filladdingearthtovalleysandlowspots.
Borrowpitacutthatprovidesfillmaterial.
Cutfromareasofhigherelevation,fillareasof
lowerelevation.

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WhyLayoutEarthwork?

Determinehowmuchmaterialwillbecutand
filledduringaconstructionproject.
Calculateconstructioncosts:

Buildingsites.
Fillmaterialmayneedtobepurchased.
Determinetheproperamountoflandtopurchasefor
roadwayrightofway.

Analyzeenvironmentalimpact.

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LevelRoadCutandFillLayout:
TraditionalMethod
1. Layouttheproposedroadplanview.

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LevelRoadCutandFillLayout:
TraditionalMethod
2. Determinethedesiredroadelevation.
3. Identifytheangleofrepose:

Theslopeofthecutandfillfromtheroad.
Aratioofruntorise.

Forexample,a2:1angleofreposemeansthatforevery2of
horizontaldistance,thesloperisesordrops1vertically.
Determinedbasedonthetypeofearth.
Canbedifferentanglesforcutandfill.

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LevelRoadCutandFillLayout:
TraditionalMethod
4. Generatethecutandfilllayout.

Usetheangleofreposeandcontourlinestoshow
whichareasarecut,andwhichareasarefilled.
CrosssectionmethodshowninFigure121band
Figure121c

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LevelRoadCutandFillLayout

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LevelRoadCutandFillLayout:CADD
(AutoCAD)
1. Openthehighwaylayoutplandrawing.
2. Identifytheangleofreposeforthefillandcutareas.
Example:bothcutandfillhaveanangleofreposeof
2:1
3. Identifythecontourinterval.Example:10
4. Multiplytheangleofreposebythecontourinterval.
Example:21=2so2X10=20
5. Usethedistancescalculatedduringstep4tooffset
bothedgesoftheroad,awayfromthecenterline
severaltimes.Example:offsetdistanceis20

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LevelRoadCutandFillLayout:CADD
(AutoCAD)
6. Plottheoutlineofthecutandfillusinga
spline.

Splinepointsarelocatedattheintersectionof
contourlines,andtheoffsetconstructionlines.
Theselectedpointsrepresentlocationsofequal
elevation.

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InclinedRoadCutandFillLayout
1.
2.

Layouttheproposedroadplanview.
Generateaprofileview.

3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

Projecttheintersectionsofeachcontourline,andtheroadcenterlinefromthe
planview,totheprofile.

Identifytheangleofrepose.Example:2:1
Ataverticalprojectionline,subtracttheelevationoftheproposedroad
fromtheelevationoftheexistingslope,andmultiplythenumberbythe
angleofrepose.Example:185180=5so5X2=10
Usethevaluedeterminedinstep4toidentifythedistancefromvertical
constructionline,andthecontourline.Example:10fromthevertical
constructionline,alongthe185contourlineidentifiesacutandfill
outlinepoint.
Repeatsteps4and5todefineeachpointalongthecutandfilloutline.
Connectthepointswithaspline.

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InclinedRoadCutandFillLayout

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CrossSections

Displaycutandfillcharacteristics
perpendiculartotheroadcenterline.
Sectionedsideview.
Providemeasurementsthatcanbeusedfor
calculatingtheamountsofearthtoberemoved
fromhillsandfilledintoareasbelowtheroad
grade.

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CrossSections

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CrossSectionswithaCADDSystem

DemonstrateusingaspecializedCADDsystem
togeneratecrosssections.

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SitePlanCutandFillLayout
1. Layoutthesiteplanview.

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SitePlanCutandFillLayout
2. Identifytheangleofrepose(theslopeofthecut
andfillfromeachofthesiteboundarylines).
Example:

Cutangleofrepose=2:1
Fillangleofrepose=1:1

3. Identifythecontourinterval.Example:2
4. Multiplytheangleofreposebythecontour
interval.Example:

Cut:21=2so2X2=4
Fill:11=1.5so1.5X2=3

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SitePlanCutandFillLayout
5. Usethecutdistances
calculatedduringstep4
tooffsetallofthesite
edges,awayfromthesite
boundaryseveraltimes.
Example:cutoffset
distanceis4filloffset
distanceis3

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SitePlanCutandFillLayout
6. Plottheoutlineofthecutandfillusingaspline.

Splinepointsarelocatedattheintersectionofcontour
lines,andtheoffsetconstructionlines.
Theselectedpointsrepresentlocationsofequal
elevation.
Areasabovethedesiredlevelelevationarecut,and
areasbelowthedesiredlevelarefilled.

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SitePlanCutandFillLayout

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SitePlanCutandFillwithaCADDSystem

DemonstrateusingaspecializedCADDsystem
togeneratesiteplangradingandcontourlines.

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EarthworkCalculations

Calculatinghowmuchearthmustbecutand/or
filledforaspecificproject.
Allowsforcostapproximationsandbetter
layoutdesign.
Primaryconcernistopredictdrainage
requirements.

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EarthworkCalculations

Hydrologicstudytypeofsoilsandground
coverpresent,howwaterflowsonthesite,how
muchwaterisabsorbed,andthevolumeand
directionofwaterleavingthesite.
Borrowpitanareafromwhichquantitiesof
earthisexcavatedtoconstructembankments
andfills.

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EarthworkCalculations

Studythefiguresandfollowtheinformation
presentedintheEarthworkCalculationssection
ofChapter12tobetterunderstandhowtoestimate
barrowpitquantities,andotherearthwork
volumes.
SpecializedCADDprogramsandapplication
softwarecancontainenoughdataforcalculating
earthworkvolumes.

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Chapter12Activities

Chapter12Test
Chapter12Problems

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