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CELL ORGANISATION
2.1 Cell Structure
and Function
CELL
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm with
organelles
Organelles
Very small size
Can only be observed under a
microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
Surrounding the Cell
Cell membrane
• Made of protein and
phospholipids
• Forms a boundary
which separates the
content of the cell
from outer
environment.
Cell or Plasma Membrane
Cell membrane
Jelly-like substance
enclosed by cell
membrane
Provides a medium for
chemical reactions to
take place
More on Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
• Contains organelles to
carry out specific jobs
• Examples: chloroplast &
mitochondrion
Control Organelle
Nucleus
• Controls the normal
activities of the cell
• Bounded by a
nuclear membrane
• Contains chromosomes
More on the Nucleus
Nucleus
• Each cell has fixed
number of
chromosomes that carry
genes
• Genes control cell
characteristics
Nucleolus
• Cell may have 1 to 3
nucleoli
• Inside nucleus
• Disappears when cell
divides
• Makes ribosomes that
make proteins
Vacuole
Vacuole
• Fluid-filled sac
surrounded by tonoplast
• Fluid called cell sap
• Contains Sugars,
proteins, minerals,
wastes, & pigments
Cell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )
spherical shape
Site of Cellular respiration
Mitochondria
has ribosomes on
its surface
Transport
proteins made by
ribosome to
export.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
lacks ribosomes
site metabolic
reaction
Synthesis lipid and
detoxification of
drugs and poisons
Golgi apparatus
• Stacks of flattened
membranous sacs
• Functions as
processing, packaging
and transporting
centre of
carbohydrates,
protein, phospholipids
Transport
and glycoprotein
vesicle
• Have a shipping side & a receiving side
• Receive & modify proteins made by ER
• Transport vesicles with modified proteins
pinch off the ends
Lysosome
• Contain hydrolytic
enzymes
• Break down complex
organic molecule and worn
out cell parts for cells
• Programmed for cell death
(lyse & release enzymes to
break down & recycle cell
parts)
Centriole
Mesophyll
palisade