DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY

How many governors are needed

for safe turbine operation? Why?
Two independent governors are needed
for safe turbine operation:
One is an over speed or emergency trip that
shuts off the steam at 10 percent above
running speed (maximum speed).
The second, or main governor, usually
controls speed at a constant rate; however,
many applications have variable speed
control.

How will you detect that misalignment is the

probable cause of excessive vibration?

Coupling to the driven machine is to be

disconnected.
The turbine is to be run alone.
If the turbine runs smoothly, either
misalignment, worn coupling or the driven
equipment is the cause of the trouble.

How is a flyball governor used

with a hydraulic control?
As the turbine speeds up, the weights are
moved outward by centrifugal force,
causing linkage to open a pilot valve that
admits and releases oil on either side of a
piston or on one side of a spring-loaded
piston. The movement of the piston
controls the steam valves.

What is the difference between

Critical speed & Whirling speed?
In Solid mechanics, in the field of rotor dynamics,
the critical speed is the theoretical angular velocity
which excites the natural frequency of a rotating
object, such as a shaft, propeller or gear. As the
speed of rotation approaches the objects natural
frequency, the object begins to resonate which
dramatically increases system vibration. The
resulting resonance occurs regardless of
orientation.
Whirling Speed is due to the unbalanced forces
acting on a rotating shaft.

When the crank is at the inner dead centre,

in a horizontal reciprocating steam engine,
then the velocity of the piston will be

(a) zero
(b) minimum
(c) Maximum
Ans: (a) zero

The acceleration of the piston

in
a
reciprocating
steam
engine is given by

Ans:

In an engine, the work done by

inertia forces in a cycle is
(a)positive
(b)zero
(c)negative
(d)none of these
Ans:(a) positive

The
height
of
a
Watts
governor (in metres) in equal
to
(a)8.95/N2
(b)89.5/N2
(c)895/N2
(d)8950/N2
where N = Speed of the arm and ball
about the spindle axis.
Ans: (c) 895/N2

The ratio of the height of a Porter governor

(when the length of arms and links are
equal)
to
the
height
of a Watts governor is

where m = Mass of the ball, and

M = Mass of the load on the sleeve.

Ans:

When the sleeve of a Porter

governor moves upwards, the
governor speed

(a)increases
(b)decreases
(c)remains unaffected

Ans : (a) increases

A Hartnell governor is a
(a)pendulum type governor
(b)spring loaded governor
(c) dead weight governor
(d) inertia governor
Ans: (b) spring loaded governor

Which
of
the
following
governor is used to drive a
gramophone ?
(a)Watt governor
(b)Porter governor
(c) Pickering governor
(d) Hartnell governor

Ans: (c) Pickering governor

Which of the following is a

spring controlled governor?
(a)Hartnell
(b)Hartung
(c)Pickering
(d)all of these
Ans : (d) all of these

For two governors A and B, the lift of sleeve

of governor A is more than that of governor
B,
for
a
given
fractional change in speed. It indicates that
(a) governor A is more sensitive than governor
B
(b) governor B is more sensitive than governor
A
(c) both governors A and B are equally
sensitive
(d) none of the above
Ans : (a) governor A is more sensitive than
governor B

In a Hartnell governor, if a spring

of greater stiffness is used, then
the governor will be
(a)more sensitive
(b)less sensitive
(c)Isochronous

Ans : (b) less sensitive

A governor is said to be
hunting, if the speed of the
engine
(a) remains constant at the mean speed
(b) is above the mean speed
(c) is below the mean speed
(d) fluctuates continuously above and
below the mean speed.
Ans : (d) fluctuates continuously above
and below the mean speed.

A hunting governor is
(a)more stable
(b)less sensitive
(c)more sensitive
(d)none of these

Ans : (c) more sensitive

Isochronism in a governor is
desirable when
(a) the engine operates at low speeds
(b) the engine operates at high speeds
(c) the engine operates at variable
speeds
(d) one speed is desired under one load
Ans : (d) one speed is desired under
one load

The power of a governor is

equal to

Ans :

When the relation between the controlling

force (FC ) and radius of rotation (r) for a
spring
controlled
governor is FC = a.r + b, then the governor
will
be
(a)stable

(b)unstable
(c)Isochronous

Ans : (b) unstable

The
balancing
of
rotating
and
reciprocating parts of an engine is
necessary when it runs at
(a)slow speed
(b)medium speed
(c)high speed

Ans : (c) High Speed

A disturbing mass m1 attached to a rotating

shaft may be balanced by a single mass m2
attached
in
the same plane of rotation as that of m1
such
(a)mthat
.r = m .r
1

(b)m1.r1 = m2.r2
(c)m1. m2 = r1.r2

Ans : (b) m1.r1 =

m2.r2

For static balancing of a

shaft,
(a) the net dynamic force acting on the
shaft is equal to zero
(b) the net couple due to the dynamic
forces acting on the shaft is equal to zero
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of the above
Ans : (a) the net dynamic force acting on
the shaft is equal to zero

For dynamic balancing of a

shaft,
(a) the net dynamic force acting on the
shaft is equal to zero
(b) the net couple due to dynamic forces
acting on the shaft is equal to zero
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of the above
Ans : (c) both (a) and (b)

In order to have a complete

balance of the several revolving
masses in different planes
(a) the resultant force must be zero
(b) the resultant couple must be zero
(c) both the resultant force and couple
must be zero
(d) none of the above
Ans : (c) both the resultant force and
couple must be zero

The primary unbalanced force is

maximum
when
the
angle
of
inclination of the crank with the line of
stroke is
(a)0
(b)90
(c)180
(d)360
Ans : (c) 180

The partial balancing means

(a) balancing partially the revolving
masses
(b) balancing partially the reciprocating
masses
(c) best balancing of engines
(d) all of the above
Ans : (b) balancing partially the
reciprocating masses

In order to facilitate the starting of

locomotive in any position, the cranks of a
locomotive, with two cylinders, are placed at
. . . . . . to each other.

(a)45
(b)90
(c)120
(d)180

Ans : (b) 90

In a locomotive, the ratio of the

connecting rod length to the crank
radius is kept very large in order to
(a) minimise the effect of primary forces
(b) minimise the effect of secondary
forces
(c) have perfect balancing
(d) start the locomotive quickly
Ans : (b) minimise the effect of
secondary forces

The swaying couple is maximum or

minimum when the angle of inclination
of the crank to the line of stroke ( ) is
(a)
45toand 135
equal
(b) 90 and 135
(c) 135 and 225
(d) 45 and 225
Ans : (d) 45 and 225

The swaying couple is due

to the
(a) primary unbalanced force
(b) secondary unbalanced force
(c) two cylinders of locomotive
(d) partial balancing
Ans : (a) primary unbalanced force

In a locomotive, the maximum magnitude of

the
unbalanced
force
along
the
perpendicular
to
the
line of stroke, is known as

(a ) tractive force
(b) swaying couple
(c) hammer blow
(d) none of these

Ans : (c) hammer blow

The effect of hammer blow in a

locomotive can be reduced by
(a) decreasing the speed
(b) using two or three pairs of wheels
coupled together
(c) balancing whole of the
reciprocating parts
(d) both (a) and (b)
Ans : (d) both (a) and (b)

Multi-cylinder engines are

desirable because
(a) only balancing problems are
reduced
(b) only flywheel size is reduced
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these
Ans : (c) both (a) and (b)

Secondary
forces
in
reciprocating mass on engine
frame are
(a) of same frequency as of primary forces
(b) twice the frequency as of primary
forces
(c) four times the frequency as of primary
forces
(d) none of the above

Ans : (b) twice the frequency as of primary

forces

Which
of
the
following
statement is correct?
(a) In any engine, 100% of the reciprocating masses
can be balanced dynamically
(b) In the case of balancing of multicylinder engine, the
value of secondary force is higher than the value of
the primary force
(c) In the case of balancing of multimass rotating
systems, dynamic balancing can be directly started
without static balancing done to the system
(d) none of the above
Ans : (c) In the case of balancing of multimass rotating
systems, dynamic balancing can be directly started
without static balancing done to the system

When there is a reduction in amplitude over

every cycle of vibration, then the body is
said to have

(a)free vibration
(b)forced vibration
(c)damped vibration

Ans : (c) damped vibration

Longitudinal vibrations are said to

occur when the particles of a body
moves
(a)perpendicular to its axis
(b)parallel to its axis
(c) in a circle about its axis

Ans : (b) parallel to its axis

When a body is subjected to

transverse
vibrations,
the
stress
induced in a body will be
(a)shear stress
(b)tensile stress
(c)compressive stress

Ans : (b) tensile stress

The natural frequency (in Hz)

of free longitudinal vibrations
is equal to

Ans : (d) any one of

these

The factor which affects the

critical speed of a shaft is
(a)diameter of the disc
(b)span of the shaft
(c) eccentricity
(d) all of these
Ans : (d) all of these

The ratio of the maximum displacement of

the forced vibration to the deflection due to
the static force, is known as

(a)damping factor
(b)damping coefficient
(c) logarithmic decrement
(d) magnification factor
Ans : (d) magnification factor

A disc spinning on its axis at 20 rad/s will undergo

precession when a torque 100 N-m is applied about
an axis normal to it at an angular speed, if mass
moment of inertia of the disc is the 1 kg-m2

(a)2 rad/s
(b)5 rad/s
(c)10 rad/s
(d)20 rad/s
Ans : (b) 5 rad/s

The rotor of a ship rotates in clockwise direction

when viewed from the stern and the ship takes a
left turn. The effect of the gyroscopic couple acting
on it will be

(a)to raise the bow and stern

(b)to lower the bow and stern
(c) to raise the bow and lower the stern
(d) to lower the bow and raise the stern
Ans : (c) to raise the bow and lower the
stern

In an automobile, if the vehicle

makes
a
left
turn,
the
gyroscopic torque
(a) increases the forces on the outer wheels
(b) decreases the forces on the outer wheels
(c) does not affect the forces on the outer
wheels
(d) none of the above
Ans : (a) increases the forces on the outer
wheels

The maximum fluctuation of

energy is the
(a) sum of maximum and minimum
energies
(b) difference between the maximum and
minimum energies
(c) ratio of the maximum energy and
minimum energy
(d) ratio of the mean resisting torque to
the work done per cycle
Ans : (b) difference between the maximum
and minimum energies

In a turning moment diagram, the variations

of energy above and below the mean
resisting torque line is called

(a) fluctuation of energy

(b) maximum fluctuation of energy
(c) coefficient of fluctuation of energy
(d) none of the above
Ans : (a) fluctuation of energy

The ratio of the maximum

fluctuation of speed to the
mean speed is called
(a) fluctuation of speed
(b) maximum fluctuation of speed
(c) coefficient of fluctuation of speed
(d) none of these
Ans : (c) coefficient of fluctuation of
speed