Molekul pengenal antigen

a. Molekul reseptor antigen

b. Struktur molekul MHC Kelas I dan II

Preliminary concepts

Cell receptors or markers confer specificity

and identity
Major functions of receptors are
1. to perceive & attach to nonself or foreign
molecules
2. to promote the recognition of self
molecules
3. to receive & transmit chemical messages
among other cells of the system
4. to aid in cellular development.
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How are receptors formed?

As a cell matures, certain genes that
encode cell receptors are transcribed &
translated into protein products with a
distinctive shape, specificity and function.
Receptor is modified & packaged by the
endoplasmic reticulum & Golgi complex.
It is ultimately inserted into the cell
membrane, accessible to antigens, other
cells, and chemical mediators.
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Major Histocompatibility Complex

(MHC)
Receptors found on all cells except RBCs
Also known as human leukocyte antigen
(HLA)
Plays a role in recognition of self by the
immune system and in rejection of
foreign tissue
Genes for MHC are located on
chromosome 6, clustered in a multigene
complex of classes I, II, III

MHC receptors

Functions of MHC
Class I markers that display unique
characteristics of self molecules &
regulation of immune reactions
Required for T lymphocytes

Class II receptors that recognize &

react with foreign antigens. Located
primarily on macrophages & B cells
Involved in presenting antigen to T cells

Class III secreted complement

components, C2 and C4
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Clonal selection theory

Lymphocytes use 500 genes to
produce a tremendous variety of
specific receptors
Undifferentiated lymphocytes undergo
genetic mutations & recombinations
while they proliferate in the embryo
forming a billion different clones with
the ability to react with a tremendous
variety of antigens.
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 Lymphocyte specificity is preprogrammed,

existing in the genetic makeup before an
antigen has ever entered the system.
Each genetically different type of
lymphocyte expresses a single specificity.
First introduction of each type of antigen
into the immune system selects a
genetically distinct lymphocyte and
causes it to expand into a clone of cells
that can react to that antigen.
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Specific B cell receptor:

Immunoglobulin
Large glycoproteins that serve as
specific receptors of B cells
Composed of 4 polypeptide chains
2 identical heavy chains
2 identical light chains

Y shaped
Variable regions
Constant regions
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Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulin genes lie on 3 different
chromosomes
Undifferentiated lymphocyte has 150
different genes for the variable region of
light chains & 250 for the variable region
and diversity region of the heavy chain
During development, recombination
causes only the selected V and D genes to
be active in the mature cell.
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B cell receptors
Once synthesized, immunoglobulin is
transported to cell membrane &
inserted there to act as a receptor
First receptor on most B cells is a
small form of IgM & mature B cells
carry IgD receptors

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T cell receptors
Formed by genetic recombination,
having variable and constant regions
2 parallel polypeptide chains
Small, without humoral functions

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T cell receptors

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Humoral and cellular immunity

(antibody mediated or cellular)

Self and nonself

Markers
glycoprotein
located on the cell surface
Eg. Major histocompatibility complex
(MHC)

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Markers
Host cells receptors (ex. MHC) confer
specificity and identity
Role detection, recognition, and
communication
Lymphocyte cells recognize the host
cell receptors as self
Lymphocyte cells recognize microbe
receptors as nonself
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Major histocompatibility complex

(MHC)

Self receptor
Glycoprotein
Found on all nucleated cells
In humans Human leukocyte
antigen (HLA) is equivalent to the
MHC
Classes of MHC
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Classes of MHC
Each individual has a unique MHC
profile
Expression of a particular combination
of MHC genes

Class I all nucleated cells

Class II macrophages, dendritic
cells, B cells

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The Class I and II MHC for humans are surface

receptors consisting of glycoproteins.

Fig. 15.2 The human major histocompatibility complex.

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 Class I MHC molecules, found on almost all

nucleated cells of the body
Display peptide antigens to cytotoxic T cells
Infected cell
Antigen
fragment
1

1 A fragment of
foreign protein
(antigen) inside the
cell associates with
an MHC molecule
and is transported
to the cell surface.

Class I MHC
molecule
T cell
receptor

(a) Cytotoxic T cell

2 The combination of
MHC molecule and
antigen is recognized
by a T cell, alerting it
to the infection.

 Class II MHC molecules, located mainly on

dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
Display antigens to helper T cells
Antigenpresenting
cell

Microbe
1 A fragment of
foreign protein
(antigen) inside the
cell associates with
an MHC molecule
and is transported
to the cell surface.

Antigen
fragment

1
2

2 The combination of
MHC molecule and
antigen is recognized
by a T cell, alerting it
to the infection.

(b)

Class II MHC
molecule
T cell
receptor

Helper T cell

B cells
Surface bound antibody
Antibody secreting B cell
Antigen
B-cell

Soluble antibodies, circculate in the body

Antibody secreting B cell

B-cell

Virus killed

T cells
Two types:
Helper T cells (Th): activates other cells
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): can kill other cells

T cells can only recognize antigens

associated with certain molecules
(MHC)

Presentation of antigens to T
cells
Proteins (peptides) from inside the cell
are presented by MHC I molecules to Tc
cells.
Proteins (peptides) from the outside of
cells are presented by MHC II molecules
to Th cells.
MHC I on almost all cells
MHC II on specialized antigen-presenting
cells

Antigen presentig cell

Th

MHC II + peptide

Virus infected cell, cancer cell

Tc

MHC I + peptide

MHC molecules
Important to study what parts of a
protein that binds to MHC molecules.
MHC I binds peptides with 8-10 aa
MHC II bind peptides with 12-25 aa
Potentials of peptide vaccines
Prediction of peptides is important!!!!