Chapter VI:

THERMOCHEMISTRY
Thermodynamics
The study of Heat and Work
and State Functions

Energy
Energy &
& Chemistry
Chemistry
ENERGY is the capacity to

do work or transfer heat.

HEAT is the form of energy
that flows between 2 objects
because of their difference in
temperature.
Other forms of energy
light
electrical
kinetic and potential

Energy & Chemistry

Burning peanuts supply sufficient energy

to boil a cup of water.

Burning sugar
(sugar reacts with
KClO3, a strong
oxidizing agent)

Energy & Chemistry

These reactions are PRODUCT FAVORED

They proceed almost completely from
reactants to products, perhaps with
some outside assistance.

Energy & Chemistry

2 H2(g) + O2(g) -->
2 H2O(g) + heat and light
This can be set up to provide
ELECTRIC ENERGY in a fuel
cell.
Oxidation:
2 H2 ---> 4 H+ + 4 e-

Reduction:
4 e- + O2 + 2 H2O ---> 4 OH-

CCR, page 845

Potential
Potential &
& Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Energy
Potential energy
energy a
motionless
body has by
virtue of its
position.

Potential Energy
on the Atomic Scale
Positive and
negative particles
(ions) attract one
another.
Two atoms can
bond
As the particles
attract they have a
lower potential
energy

NaCl composed of
Na+ and Cl- ions.

Potential Energy
on the Atomic Scale
Positive and
negative particles
(ions) attract one
another.
Two atoms can
bond
As the particles
attract they have a
lower potential
energy

Potential
Potential &
& Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Energy
Kinetic energy
energy of
motion
Translation

Potential
Potential &
& Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Energy
Kinetic energy
energy of
motion.
rotate
rotate
vibrate
vibrate

translate
translate

10

Internal Energy (E)

PE + KE = Internal energy (E or U)
Int. E of a chemical system
depends on
number of particles
type of particles
temperature

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12

Internal Energy (E)

PE + KE = Internal energy (E or U)

QuickTime and a
Graphics decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Internal Energy (E)

The higher the T
the higher the
internal energy
So, use changes
in T (T) to
monitor changes
in E (E).

13

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the science of heat
(energy) transfer.

Heat energy is associated

with molecular motions.
Heat transfers until thermal equilibrium is
established.

14

Directionality of Heat Transfer

15

Heat always transfer from hotter object to

cooler one.

EXOthermic: heat transfers from SYSTEM to

SURROUNDINGS.

T(system) goes down

T(surr) goes up

Directionality of Heat Transfer

Heat always transfer from hotter object to
cooler one.

ENDOthermic: heat transfers from

SURROUNDINGS to the SYSTEM.

T(system) goes up
T (surr) goes down

16

Energy
Energy &
& Chemistry
Chemistry
All of thermodynamics depends
on the law of
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY.
The total energy is unchanged in
a chemical reaction.
If PE of products is less than
reactants, the difference must be
released as KE.

17

PE

Energy Change in
Chemical Processes
Reactants
Kinetic
Energy

Products

PE of system dropped. KE increased. Therefore,

you often feel a T increase.

18

UNITS
UNITS OF
OF ENERGY
ENERGY
1 calorie = heat required to
raise temp. of 1.00 g of H2O
by 1.0 oC.
1000 cal = 1 kilocalorie = 1
kcal
1 kcal = 1 Calorie (a food
calorie)
But we use the unit called the
JOULE
1 cal = 4.184 joules

James Joule
1818-1889

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20

HEAT CAPACITY
The heat required to raise an
objects T by 1 C.

Which has the larger heat capacity?

Specific
Specific Heat
Heat Capacity
Capacity
How much energy is transferred due to T difference?
The heat (q) lost or gained is related to
a) sample mass
b)
change in T and
c)

specific heat capacity

Specific heat capacity =

heat lost or gained by substance (J)
(mass, g)(T change, K)

21

Specific
Specific Heat
Heat Capacity
Capacity
Substance
Spec. Heat (J/gK)
H2O
4.184
Ethylene glycol
2.39
Al
0.897
glass
0.84
Aluminum

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23

Specific
Specific Heat
Heat Capacity
Capacity
If 25.0 g of Al cool from
310 oC to 37 oC, how
many joules of heat
energy are lost by
the Al?
Specific heat capacity =
heat lost or gained by substance (J)
(mass, g)(T change, K)

Specific
Specific Heat
Heat Capacity
Capacity
If 25.0 g of Al cool from 310 oC to 37 oC, how many joules of heat energy are lost by the Al?

heat gain/lose = q = (sp. ht.)(mass)(T)

where T = Tfinal - Tinitial

q = (0.897 J/gK)(25.0 g)(37 - 310)K

q = - 6120 J
Noticethatthenegativesignonqsignals

heatlostbyortransferredOUTofAl.

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Heat Transfer
No Change in State
q transferred = (sp. ht.)(mass)(T)

25

Heat
Heat Transfer
Transfer with
with
Change
Change of
of State
State
Changes of state involve energy (at constant T)
Ice + 333 J/g (heat of fusion) -----> Liquid water
q = (heat of fusion)(mass)

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27

Heat
Heat Transfer
Transfer and
and
Changes
Changes of
of State
State
Liquid ---> Vapor
Requires energy (heat).
This is the reason
a) you cool down after
swimming
b) you use water to put
out a fire.

+ energy

Heating/Cooling
Heating/Cooling Curve
Curve for
for Water
Water

Evaporate water
Heat water

Melt ice

Note that T is
constant as ice melts

28

Heat
Heat &
& Changes
Changes of
of State
State
What quantity of heat is required to melt
500. g of ice and heat the water to steam
at 100 oC?

Heat
Heat of
of fusion
fusion of
of ice
ice == 333
333 J/g
J/g
Specific
Specific heat
heat of
of water
water == 4.2
4.2 J/gK
J/gK
Heat
Heat of
of vaporization
vaporization == 2260
2260 J/g
J/g

+333 J/g

+2260 J/g

29

Heat
Heat &
& Changes
Changes of
of State
State
How much heat is required to melt 500. g of ice
and heat the water to steam at 100 oC?
1.

To melt ice

q = (500. g)(333 J/g) = 1.67 x 105 J

2.

To raise water from 0 oC to 100 oC

q = (500. g)(4.2 J/gK)(100 - 0)K = 2.1 x 105 J

3.

To evaporate water at 100 oC

q = (500. g)(2260 J/g) = 1.13 x 106 J

4. Total heat energy = 1.51 x 10 6 J = 1510 kJ

30

Chemical Reactivity
What drives chemical reactions? How do they
occur?
The first is answered by THERMODYNAMICS and
the second by KINETICS.
Have already seen a number of driving forces
for reactions that are PRODUCT-FAVORED.
formation of a precipitate
gas formation
H2O formation (acid-base reaction)
electron transfer in a battery

31

Chemical Reactivity

But energy transfer also allows us to predict

reactivity.

In general, reactions that transfer energy

to their surroundings are productfavored.

So, let us consider heat transfer in chemical processes.

32

Heat Energy Transfer in

a Physical Process
CO2 (s, -78 oC) ---> CO2 (g, -78 oC)
Heat transfers from surroundings to system in endothermic process.

33

Heat Energy Transfer in

a Physical Process
CO2 (s, -78 oC) --->
CO2 (g, -78 oC)
A regular array of
molecules in a solid
-----> gas phase
molecules.
Gas molecules have
higher kinetic
energy.

34

Energy Level Diagram

for Heat Energy
Transfer
CO2 gas

E = E(final) - E(initial)
= E(gas) - E(solid)

CO2 solid

35

Heat Energy Transfer in

Physical Change
CO2 (s, -78 oC) ---> CO2 (g, -78 oC)
Two things have happened!

Gas molecules have higher kinetic

energy.
Also, WORK is done by the system
in pushing aside the atmosphere.

36

FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
heat energy transferred

E = q + w
energy
change

work done
by the
system

Energy is conserved!

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38

heat transfer in
(endothermic), +q

heat transfer out

(exothermic), -q

SYSTEM

E = q + w

w transfer in
(+w)

w transfer out
(-w)

ENTHALPY
Most chemical reactions occur at constant P, so
HeattransferredatconstantP=qpp
qpp=H

whereH=enthalpy

and so E = H + w (and w is usually small)

H = heat transferred at constant P E
H = change in heat content of the system

H = Hfinal - Hinitial

39

ENTHALPY
H = Hfinal - Hinitial
IfIf H
> H initial then
Hfinal
then
H
H is
is positive
positive
final > Hinitial

Process
Process is
is ENDOTHERMIC
ENDOTHERMIC

IfIf H
< H initial then
Hfinal
then
H
H is
is negative
negative
final < Hinitial

Process
Process is
is EXOTHERMIC
EXOTHERMIC

40

USING ENTHALPY
Consider the formation of water

H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) --> H2O(g) + 241.8 kJ

Exothermic reaction heat is a product

and H = 241.8 kJ

41

USING ENTHALPY

42

Making liquid H2O from H2 +

O2 involves two exothermic
steps.
H2 + O2 gas

H2O vapor

Liquid H2O

USING ENTHALPY
Making H2O from H2 involves two steps.
H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) ---> H2O(g) + 242 kJ
H2O(g) ---> H2O(liq) + 44 kJ
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) --> H2O(liq) + 286 kJ

Example of HESSS LAW
If a rxn. is the sum of 2 or more
others, the net H is the sum of the
Hs of the other rxns.

43

Hesss Law
& Energy Level Diagrams
Forming H2O can occur in a
single step or in a two
steps.
Htotal is the same no matter
which path is followed.

44

Hesss Law
& Energy Level Diagrams

45

Forming CO2 can occur in a

single step or in a two steps.

Htotal is the same no matter

which path is followed.


HH along
along one
one path
path ==

HH along
along another
another path
path
This equation is valid because
H is a STATE FUNCTION
These depend only on the state
of the system and not on how
the system got there.
V, T, P, energy and your bank
account!
Unlike V, T, and P, one cannot
measure absolute H. Can only
measure H.

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47

Standard Enthalpy Values

Most H values are labeled Ho
Measured under standard conditions
P = 1 bar = 105 Pa = 1 atm /1.01325
Concentration = 1 mol/L
T = usually 25 oC
with all species in standard states
e.g., C = graphite and O2 = gas

Enthalpy Values
Dependon
Dependonhowthereactioniswritten
howthereactioniswrittenandonphases
andonphases
ofreactantsandproducts
ofreactantsandproducts
H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) --> H2O(g)
H = -242 kJ
2 H2(g) + O2(g) --> 2 H2O(g)
H = -484 kJ
H2O(g) ---> H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g)
H = +242 kJ
H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) --> H2O(liquid)
H = -286 kJ

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49

Standard Enthalpy Values

NIST (Natl Institute for Standards and
Technology) gives values of
Hfo = standard molar enthalpy of
formation
the enthalpy change when 1 mol of
compound is formed from elements under
standard conditions.
See Table 6.2

Hf , standard molar
enthalpy of formation
o

Enthalpy change when 1 mol of compound is

formed from the corresponding elements
under standard conditions
H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) --> H2O(g)
Hfo (H2O, g)= -241.8 kJ/mol
By definition,
Hfo = 0 for elements in their standard states.

50

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

Use Hs to calculate enthalpy change for
H2O(g) + C(graphite) --> H2(g) + CO(g)

(product is called water gas)

51

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

52

H2O(g) + C(graphite) --> H2(g) + CO(g)

From reference books we find
H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) --> H2O(g) Hf = - 242 kJ/mol
C(s) + 1/2 O2(g) --> CO(g)

Hf = - 111 kJ/mol

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

H2O(g) --> H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) Ho = +242 kJ
C(s) + 1/2 O2(g) --> CO(g) Ho = -111 kJ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

H
H22O(g)
O(g) ++ C(graphite)
C(graphite) -->
--> H
H22(g)
(g) ++ CO(g)
CO(g)

= +131 kJ
H
Hoonet
net = +131 kJ
To convert 1 mol of water to 1 mol each of H2
and CO requires 131 kJ of energy.
The water gas reaction is ENDOthermic.

53

54

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

Calculate H of
reaction?

In general, when ALL

enthalpies of formation are
known:

oo
oo
oo
H
=

H
(products)

H
(reactants)
H rxn
rxn = Hff (products) Hff (reactants)

Remember that always = final initial

55

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

Calculate the heat of combustion of
methanol, i.e., Horxn for
CH3OH(g) + 3/2 O2(g) --> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
Horxn = Hfo (prod) - Hfo (react)

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

CH3OH(g)+3/2O2(g)>CO2(g)+2H2O(g)
Horxn= Hfo(prod) Hfo(react)
Horxn = Hfo (CO2) + 2 Hfo (H2O)
- {3/2 Hfo (O2) + Hfo (CH3OH)}
= (-393.5 kJ) + 2 (-241.8 kJ)
- {0 + (-201.5 kJ)}
Horxn = -675.6 kJ per mol of methanol

56

CALORIMETRY

57

Measuring Heats of Reaction

Constant Volume
Bomb Calorimeter
Burn combustible
sample.
Measure heat evolved
in a reaction.
Derive E for
reaction.

Calorimetry

Some heat from reaction warms

water
qwater = (sp. ht.)(water mass)(T)

Some heat from reaction warms

bomb
qbomb = (heat capacity, J/K)(T)

Total heat evolved = qtotal = qwater + qbomb

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Measuring
Measuring Heats
Heats of
of Reaction
Reaction
CALORIMETRY
CALORIMETRY
Calculate heat of combustion of octane.
C8H18 + 25/2 O2 --> 8 CO2 + 9 H2O
Burn 1.00 g of octane
Temp rises from 25.00 to 33.20 oC
Calorimeter contains 1200 g water
Heat capacity of bomb = 837 J/K

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Measuring
Measuring Heats
Heats of
of Reaction
Reaction
CALORIMETRY
CALORIMETRY
Step 1Calc. heat transferred from reaction to water.
q = (4.184 J/gK)(1200 g)(8.20 K) = 41,170 J
Step 2Calc. heat transferred from reaction to bomb.
q = (bomb heat capacity)(T)
= (837 J/K)(8.20 K) = 6860 J
Step 3Total heat evolved
41,170 J + 6860 J = 48,030 J
Heat of combustion of 1.00 g of octane =

- 48.0 kJ

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61

Thank
Thank You
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