THE COMBUSTION, HYBRID

AND ELECTRIC ENGINE

INTERNAL
COMBUSTION
ENGINE
The History, basic work, latests
developments and advantages vs.
disavantages

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ITS

HISTORY
The inspiration of Diesel
borned in the prehistory,
the fire piston.

Leonardo da Vinci descrives the atmosferic

engine
17th century, Christiaan
Huygensdesignsgunpowder engineto
drivewater pumps, to supply 3000 cubic
meters of water/day for the Versailles palace
gardens

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ITS

HISTORY

1807 Franois Isaac de Rivazbuilt an internal

combustion engine powered by a hydrogen and
oxygen mixture, and ignited by electric spark.

1823 Samuel Brownpatented the first internal

combustion engine to be applied industrially.

1854-1857 Eugenio Barsanti

andFelice Matteucciinvented and
patented the first
4 pistons engine.

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ITS

HISTORY

1863

Nikolaus Otto, patented in Englad and other

countries his first atmospheric gas engine.

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ITS

HISTORY

1876, Otto perfected his compressionless

engine, started the genesis of the four
cycles compressed engines.
1879:Karl Benz patented his internal
combustion engine, a reliable
two-cyclegas engine, based
on the four-cycle engine.

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ITS

HISTORY

1900, Rudolf Dieseldemonstrated the diesel engine in the

1900Exposition Universelleusing peanut oil fuel (Biofuel).

BASIC WORK

How is it designed?

BASIC WORK

BASIC WORKING

BASIC WORK

V8 engine

BASIC WORK

V8 engine

BASIC WORK

V12 engine

BASIC WORK

Diesel engine

BASIC WORK
Diferences between Spark engine and Diesel
engine

The efficiency is higher in the Diesel engine that in the Spark

engine

The work is similar but, one has injector and the oder has spark
plug.

The pressure rate is higher in the Diesel engine.

The smoke of the Diesel engine has ash particles due to

incomplete combustion instead of spark combustion usually has
better combustion.

The noise of the Diesel engine is higher than the spark engine
due to de violence of the explosion .

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS

The current engine, a tri-cylinder engine and the

start/stop sistem.

LATESTS DEVELOPMENTS

The more important developement in the current engines

are the new materials. Like alloys or the inclusion of
polymers and ceramics in the engine.

LATESTS DEVELOPMENTS

The direct injection, commond-rail, and

turbocharger, biturboocompressor etc.

LATESTS DEVELOPMENTS

The direct injection, commond-rail, and

turbocharger, biturbocompressor etc.

LATESTS DEVELOPMENTS

The direct injection, commond-rail, and

turbocharger, biturbocompressor etc.

LATESTS DEVELOPMENTS

The direct injection, commond-rail, and

turbocharger, biturbocompressor etc.

LATESTS DEVELOPEMENTS

The direct injection, commond-rail, and

turbocharger, biturboocompressor etc.

LATESTS DEVELOPMENTS

More number of valves

ADVANTAGES VS. DISAVANTAGES

Advantages
Very

elevated power due to the liquid fuels, and

relatively acceptable efficiency
Wide rate power that it goes from 0,1kW to
30MW
Compact and lighter, it can be used to run small
cars, motorcycles and scooters.
Easy to repair, you can repair it by yourself.

ADVANTAGES VS. DISAVANTAGES

Disavantages
Very

polluting
The fuel is not a renawable resource, in
addittion to suffering the price high fluctuations.
The gases from the combustion of these engines
are the main polluters in the world, and
contributes significally to global warming.

THE ELECTRIC
ENGINE
Basic work, latests developments and
advantages vs. disavantages

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ITS

HISTORY

In the last century Tesla created the triphasic engine.

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

The structure of electric car.

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

The structure of the engine

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

The induction force

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

The three-phasic synchronic engine

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

The three-phasic synchronic engine

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

E=BLv
E= Electromotive force
B= Magnetic fiel
L= lenght
V= velocity

V=E/BL

This makes that the velocity of the car increases when the
electromotive force increases but the torque oh the engine
decreases due to B its constant.

And velocity of the rotor its v=60f/P

f=

frequency
P= number of pole pairs

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

The bateries
The

batteries are the floor of the car and

weights arround 500kg
They are composed by thousand Li-ion
rechargable batteries and they can accumulate
around 60 kW-80kW
The autonomy of the vehicle goes from 300km to
the 500km

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

The batteries

LATESTS DEVELOPMENTS

The new batteries

Graphene

Supercapacitors
New and better Li-ion accumulators
Lighter batteries with the same or more capacity

ADVANTAGES VS
DESADVANTAGES

Advantages
The

extremly high efficiency of the engine

They are not polluting
Lightweigt nature of the engine
Small volume
Low cost

ADVANTAGES VS
DESADVANTAGES

Disavantages
Very

high weight of the batteries

When the batterie dies, they are very polluting
The cars are very expensives
There are few places where recharge.

THE HYBRID ENGINE

The History, basic work, latests
developments and advantages vs.
disavantages

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ITS

HISTORY

The spanish Emilio de la Cuadra creates in 1898 a enterprise, ,

Compaa General Espaola de Coches Automviles E. de la
Cuadra Sociedad en Comandita, to produce vehicles with the
swiss Carlo Vellino. In 1899 the company has four car
models.They offered the posibility to of includes a combustion
engine conected in parallel.

The belgian brothers Henri Pieper and Nicolas Pieper cafted in

1899 their Voiturette, with a combustion engine bonded with one
electric to give extrapower when it climbs a hill.

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ITS

HISTORY

Since 20s to 60s the hibrid car was out. In 1960 General
Motors showed thee prototipes one electric, other hybrid
and other gas-car.

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ITS

HISTORY

At 90s Audi bring out an hybrid car, Audi Duo III, it was the
first european hybrid car but only sold 60 unities.

In 1992 Toyota launched to markt the Toyota prius, and

now it is the most sold car.

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

The hybrid car is a mix between the electric

car and the convencional car

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

The hybrid car is a mix between the electric car and the
convencional car

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

The hybrid car is a mix between the electric car and the
convencional car

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

The engine is a mixture

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

Thera are two tipes of hybrid car

Serie

Parallel

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

How are charged the batteries?

From

the engine

BASIC WORK AND STRUCTURE

Regenerative braking

BASIC WORK

Regenerative breaking

LATESTS DEVELOPMENTS

New batteries and new storage energy forms

LATESTS DEVELOPMENTS

New forms to charge the batteries

ADVANTAGES VS
DESADVANTAGES

Advantages
Mixing

the electric and combustion engine, the

polluters emissions and the fuel consume is small.

The

car has bigger autonomy if runs the two

engines.

It

is perfect to cities and reduce emissions

ADVANTAGES VS
DESADVANTAGES

Desadvantages
If

only runs the combustion engine, the consume is

bigger than a normal combustion engine car.

If

only runs the electric engine the autonomy is

very small and has very small power.

The

batteries are very polluting when dies.

CONCLUSIONS

The innovations in the combustion car, makes

it more competitiv.
The hibrid car is the transition between
combustion car and electric car.
The electric car is too joung and it need very
optimizations but, now a days its quite
profitable.