BUSINESS ENGLISH I

Sanja Jevti
019/ 430 804; 430 805
sanja.jevtic@fmz.edu.rs

Intelligent Business
(Pre-Intermediate)
C. Johnson, Pearson Education
Ltd., Essex, England, 2006
2

PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVES

Subject

Object

I
me
You
you
He
him
She
her
It
it
We
us
You
you
They
them
themselves

Possessive
Adjectives

Possessive
Pronouns

Reflexive
Pronouns

my
your
his
her
its
our
your

mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours

myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves

their

theirs

SUBJECT AND OBJECT

PRONOUNS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

____ telephoned yesterday. (she)

We watched ____ for hours. (he)
Hasnt ____ arrived yet? (he)
___ dont understand. (I)
Are you talking to ____? (I)
Dont ask ____. ____ doesnt know. (she / she)
This is Julia: ____ have known ____ for years. (we / she)
Nobody told ____ the bus was leaving. (they)
Why didnt ____ ask ____ to come? (she / they)
Dont ask ____. Ask ____. (I/he)
____ think ____ doesnt like ____. (I / he / I)
____ asked ____ to invite ____. (they / he / we)
4

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND

PRONOUNS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Whose camera is this? Is it ____? (you)

Excuse me, those are ____ seats. (we)
Is it ____ suitcase or ____? (you/he)
Has the dog had ____ food? (it)
Theyre not ____ keys theyre ____. (I / she)
I dont think its ____ room; I think its ____. (you /they)
The police asked me for ____ address. (I)
The decision is ____. (they)
You know its not ____ money. Its ____. (you / I)
It isnt ____ car, its ____. (he / she)
____ brother hasnt got a phone, so he uses ____. (I / we)
____ house is smaller than ____. (we / they)
5

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE OR
PRONOUN
You should mind _____ own business.
Tom and I are bringing _____ friend Phil to see you.
Thats _____; Father gave it to us.
Are these Marys books? Yes, they are _____.
We dont like the friends of _____ friends.
This house is _____. You can see them in the garden.
The car is _____. You can check _____ documents. (I)
There was a storm last night and the house lost _____
roof.
9. Everyone is working slowly this morning; _____ minds
seem half frozen.
10. Did John leave _____ papers on my desk yesterday?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
1.
2.
3.
4.

I like to wake __________ up in the morning with a cup of coffee.

Thanks for a great party we really enjoyed __________.
I hate watching __________ on video.
Im sorry, Tony, but I havent got enough money to pay for you.
Can you pay for __________?
5. After his accident, Philip drove __________ to the hospital.
6. We dont need a babysitter the children can look after _______.
7. Now, children, remember to give __________ enough time to
answer all the exam questions.
8. Should I apply for the job? she asked __________.
9. Were planning to buy ________ a new television.
10. He hurt ________ when he was playing football.
11. You are my students and you will behave __________.

THERE IS / THERE ARE

Ove fraze koristimo da kaemo da neko ili neto postoji.
esto ih koristimo ispred a/an, some i any:
Theres a dog in the garden.
There are some letters for you.
Is there any milk in the fridge?
There isnt much coffee.
Are there any phone calls?
There arent many people in my family.
8

THERE IS / THERE ARE

1. how many people / in your family How
many people are there in your family?
2. any fruit juice in the fridge
3. any letters for me
4. a doctor here
5. any trains to London this evening
6. much money in your bank account
7. how many students / in your class
9

THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE

This i these koristimo da govorimo o
stvarima koje se nalaze tu,
tu pored nas.
That i those koristimo da govorimo o
stvarima koje se nalaze tamo,
tamo ne pored nas.

Do you like this dress?

Ann lives in that house over there.
Do you like these shoes?
Who are those people?
10

THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE

This i these moemo da koristimo da govorimo
o stvarima koje se deavaju sada ili poinju
sada.
That i those moemo da koristimo da govorimo
o stvarima koje su se zavrile.
I like this music.
That lesson was boring.
Listen to these sentences.
Did you answer those letters?
11

THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE

This,
This these,
these that,
that those moemo da koristimo i
bez imenica.
I dont like this.
Who said that?
Look at these.
Those are pretty.
This moemo da koristimo kada predstavljamo
ljude i kada se predstavljamo preko telefona.
This is my fried Doris.
This is Alex. Can I speak to Fred?
12

THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

I don' like living in _____ country.

Could you bring _____ box to me, please?
Why did you say _____?
Who are _____ people over there?
_____ is Peter is Mary at home?
Listen you will like _____ story.
Wait I can't walk fast in _____ shoes.
'_____ is my sister Helen.' 'How do you do?'
_____ was a wonderful meal thanks.
I'm not enjoying _____ conversation.
Do you remember _____ people that we met in
Greece?
13

MODAL VERBS
can, could, may, might, will, would, shall,
should, must, ought to
Modals are always followed by an infinitive
without to.
They have just one form. They dont have s on
the third person singular.
They form questions by inversion.
We use them to express certain meanings, e.g.
permission, ability, possibility, certainty, etc.
14

MODAL VERBS
CORRECT OR NOT?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

She cans play the piano.

Can you to sing?
I may not be here this evening.
Must you go?
When do you must to leave?
Shall I make coffee?
You should tell me everything so that I can
help you.
15

MODAL VERBS
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER:
1. Can / should / mustnt I help you?
2. If you travel to Greece, you can / should / must
have a visa.
3. You shouldnt / dont have to / couldnt laugh at old
people.
4. Passengers must / must not / should not smoke in
the toilets.
5. I think you should / must / may eat less and take
more exercise.
6. You may / have to / can drive on the left in Britain.
16

Theyre / their / there

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Where are Mark and Sally? ___ over there.

Theyve forgotten ___ bags.
___ is no soap in my bathroom.
___ are several mistakes in this document.
Ive met them before but I dont know ___ names.
I dont know who they are but I think ___ Germans.
Look at the smiles on ___ faces.
I dont think ___ coming.
I wonder if ___ going to come.
From the look on ___ faces, theyre not very happy.
17

Theyre / their / there

1.

The employees say that ___ not very happy about ___
working conditions.
2. Where are Fred and Steve? Over ___.
3. I like visiting London but I wouldnt want to live ___.
4. They cannot decide. They cant make up ___ minds.
5. Do you think ___ going to accept our offer?
6. ___ are two reasons why I am against this idea.
7. IBM have increased ___ profits by 20%.
8. I know ___ considering buying a new computer
system.
9. ___ is no reason for me to stay. My job is finished.
10. The students are happy. Theyve finished ___ exams.
18

Unit 1 Activities
Keynotes
Companies have different activities and
work in different ways. Some companies
manufacture or produce goods, others
provide services; retailers sell goods to the
general public. Companies employ people to
work for them in many kinds of jobs. Each
person has responsibility for a specific area of
work and a role within the team or group they
work with.
19

Unit 1 Activities
manufacture (n,v), manufacturer,
manufacturing
produce, production, product, producer
employ, -ment, -ee, -er, unemployment
retail / wholesale
manage, -ment, -er, managerial

20

Move over game boys

Lynn Robson is a co-founder of Frognation. The company
creates soundtracks and designs and translates Japanese video
games for the UK market. With her partners in Tokyo and her
international team of designers and developers, Lynn creates the video
games that thousands are playing today.
Lynn runs the UK office of Frognation, while her two business
partners run the Tokyo office. Her Japanese computer system, and, of
course, email make it possible to work across borders and time zones.
Frognation represents producers with great game ideas and
helps them to sell their ideas to Sony or Nintendo in Tokyo. Once the
games go into development, Lynn and her team provide advice on
everything from the music soundtrack and graphics to the game
programming and characters. The result is a new kind of video game,
created by artists, which provides exciting game play.
21

Move over game boys

Cultural understanding is important. When she is meetings in
Japan, Lynn gives advice on what will work in both countries. In the
West, Lynn becomes the Japan expert, giving clients information about
Japanese culture. When her Japanese partners come to meetings in the
UK, Lynn helps them to present their ideas in the best way, and tries to
avoid any cultural misunderstandings.
Video games sales are sky-rocketing at the moment. There are
thousands of opportunities to build careers in the video game industry,
but women dont often consider gaming as a career.
Today most video games are created by men, and for men. So it
is no surprise that almost all video games are either sports games or
shoot-em-ups.
With more women like Lynn joining the video game industry,
however, things could change.
22

Roles and activities

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Founder
Set up
Team
Partner
Run (a business)

a) To start a company or
organisation
b) One of a number of
people who own a
business together
c) To be responsible for
d) A group of people who
work together to do a
job
e) Sbd who starts a
company or
organisation

23

Word building jobs:

How do you call someone who works in the
following areas?
A technical job technician
Accounts accountant
Art / Banking / Economics / Engineering /
Music
24

Job titles - someone who

1. analyses the financial markets is . a
financial analyst
2. gives advice about financial services is a
financial ____
3. represents the company and sell the products
is a sales ____
4. assists the manager is an ____ manager
5. offers consultancy services to management is
a management ____
6. develops software is a ____ ____
7. produces films is . a ____ ____
25

What word goes best with the given verb

Book
a factory/deal/room/business
Set up
a room/customer/book/meeting
Make
a book/competition/room/deal
Open
a market/competitor/manager/branch
Break into
a market/competition/deal/TV show

26

Which verb cannot be used

1. They offer / take / provide good service at a
reasonable rate.
2. I give / purchase / buy products for my
company.
3. We create / design / imagine new products
every season.
4. When you invest / set up / found a company it
is a good idea to get financial advice.
5. Does Jill still run / close / manage the IT
department?
27

Auxiliary verbs: be, do, have

Auxiliary
I am watching you.

Main
I am happy. ()

Do you speak English?

I do my homework in
the evening. (,
)

I have never seen him.

I have a headache.
()
28

Regular and irregular verbs

Full verb forms

Regular

Irregular

To want

To go

Wants

Goes

3. Present
participle

Wanting

Going

4. Past tense

Wanted

Went

5. Past participle

Wanted

Gone

1. Infinitive
2. Third person
singular present

29

THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

TO BE
I

You / We / They He / She / It

am

are

is

Am I?

Are you?

Is he?

I am not.

You arent.
He isnt.
(arent = are not) (isnt = is not) 30

THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE

TO BE
I / he / she / it

we / you / they

was

were

Was I?

Were you?

I wasnt.
(wasnt = was not)

You werent.
(werent=were not)
31

THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

I/ you / we / they he / she / it
+

know

knows

Do you know?

Does he know?

I dont know.
(dont = do not)

She doesnt know.

(doesnt = does not)
32

The uses of the present simple

Repeated actions:
He recruits new employees.
Facts or generalisations:
The company is situated in California.
Scheduled events in the near future:
The train leaves at 6pm.

33

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

TENSE
I

you / we / they

he / she / it

+ Im going.

Youre going.

Hes going.

Am I going?

Are you going?

Is he going?

Im not going. You arent going. He isnt going.

34

The uses of the present

continuous
Literally now:
I am standing now.
Longer actions in progress now:
I am studying to become a manager.
We are rewriting our plan this month.
Near future:
Im meeting some friends after work.
Repetition and irritation:
He is constantly/always interrupting people.
35

PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
1. The man who (walk) past the window (live) next door.
The man who is walking past the window lives next door.

2. You (remember) our excursion to the seaside?

Do you remember our excursion to the seaside?

3. Look, a man (run) after the bus, he (want) to catch it.

Look, a man is running after the bus, he wants to catch it.

4. The computer (not recognise) your password, you

cannot use it now.
The computer doesnt recognise your password, you cannot use it.

5. Excuse me, but you (sit) in my place.

Excuse me, but youre sitting in my place.
36

Present simple or continuous

Were all accountants and we work/are working for a
telecommunication company in the finance department.
We sit/are sitting at our PCs in the office every day and
check/are checking the invoices and payments. But this
week is different: we attend/are attending a training
course. The company currently changes/is currently
changing to a new accounting system, and this week, we
learn/are learning all about it. So at the moment, we
stay/are staying at a big hotel in the mountains. Its
wonderful! When were at home, we usually spend/are
spending the evenings cooking and cleaning for our
families. But here, theres an excellent restaurant and we
can relax and have a laugh together.
37

Present simple or continuous

My working day ___ (start) with a long journey to
the office usually over an hour on a crowded
train. The first event of a typical day is the
regular morning meeting. Our managers ___
(give) updates on the departments progress.
After that, its a long, hard day of work. You can
see me at work in this photo I ___ (give) a
presentation to my colleagues. I often ___ (stay)
in the office until 9 or 10pm. But this is the old
way. Now, things ___ (begin) to change. Young
people ___ (refuse) to work long hours. They
___ (demand) more leisure time and freedom.
38

The Present Perfect Tense

I/ you / we / they

he / she / it

Have worked
Have seen

Has worked
Has seen

Have you worked?

Have they seen?

Has he worked?
Has she seen?

I havent worked.
We have not seen.

He hasnt worked.
She hasnt seen.
39

Present perfect with time words

Present Perfect actions or states in a period of time which continues from
the past to the present, with:
No time reference:
reference
Hes lived in lots of different countries.
Adverbs: never, already, just, recently, lately, yet, for, since
Ive never liked eggs. Hes already gone. Mums just made a cake.
Shes recently got married. Theyve had a lot of problems lately.
Have you finished yet? He has been my friend for 10 years / since 2002.
This
I havent seen Marco this morning. (the morning isnt finished)
But: I didnt see Marco this morning. (its afternoon or evening)
Times
Ive told him to clean his room three times.
40

The Present Perfect Continuous

Tense
I/ you / we / they

he / she / it

Have been working

Has been working

Have you been

working?

Has he been
working?

I havent been
working.

He hasnt been
working.
41

The Present Perfect

Continuous Tense
I have been waiting here for two hours.
It has been snowing since this morning.

42

Present simple, continuous or perfect

The text, which we just (complete), (demonstrate) the
importance of the present perfect tense.
2. At present, a number of research teams (look) for new
materials.
3. The new machine, which (break down) several times
recently, (run) smoothly now.
4. He will come to see you after he (finish) his work.
5. What you (do), Mary? I (look) for some documents, but I
cant find them.
6. How many times you (apply) for that job?
7. When he (come) again, tell him to bring the book he
(take) from the library.
8. Since 1990 till now, we (pass) through many crises, and
we still (suffer) from them.
9. I (spend) thirty years in this trade.
43
10. The heaviest rains usually (fall) in April.
1.

Unit 2: Data
Keynotes
Information technology (IT) makes it easy to
store huge amounts of data,
data or information, on
computer databases.
databases Companies and
organisations collect information about people
all the time. Companies conduct research into
peoples buying habits so that they can
improve their marketing. Organisations collect
data for surveillance purposes: to help stop
criminal activity and increase security.
security
Someone somewhere is recording nearly
everything we do.
44

Unit 2: Data
Browse, enters, keeps, manages, uses, updates
1. Amy ___ customer data and ___ records of
customers.
2. She ___ data in the customer database.
3. Bob ___ data about people who ___ the
company websites.
4. Carla ___ search engines to find new products
and supplies.
5. She ___ the files with new information.
45

No hiding place
cookie information that a website leaves
in your computer so that the website will
recognize you when you use it again
CCTV cameras closed circuit television
cameras
tracking chips microchips that use radio
signals to find the exact location of
someone or something
46

No hiding place
A cookie is a small file that a company can send to your
computer when you visit the companys website. It tells them a
lot about your browsing habits. Using the web without them is
nearly impossible. DoubleClick, an advertising company, has
agreements with over 11,000 websites and maintains cookies on
100 million users to get information about them for marketing.
Offline, the story is the same. When you turn on a mobile
phone, the phone company can monitor calls and also record
the location of the phone. We use more and more electronic
systems for tickets, and for access to buildings. It is becoming
common for employers to monitor employees telephone calls,
voicemail, email and computer use.
47

No hiding place
The use of video surveillance cameras is also growing. Britain
has about 1.5 million cameras in public places (for example, airports,
shopping malls and public buildings). The average Briton is recorded by
CCTV cameras 300 times a day. With digital cameras we can collect,
store and analyse millions of images.
And this is only the beginning. Engineers are now developing
cameras that can see through clothing, walls or cars. Satellites can
recognise objects only one metre across. We can attach tracking chips
to products or people.
New technology offers substantial benefits more security
against terrorists and criminals, higher productivity at work, a wider
selection of products, more convenience. We are ready to give more
personal information because we want the benefits.
But all this monitoring generates a mountain of data about us.
Surveillance is everywhere in our society, often without our knowledge.
Most people hate the idea but they dont know how to stop it.
48

Using the internet

website / online shopping / screen / keyword / search
engine / password / click
When you want to find information on the web, it is
helpful to use a ___ such as Google or AltaVista. You
type in a ___ or phrase, ___ on GO and a list of ___
appears on your computer ___. Many people use the
web for ___ or banking. This means they have to enter
private information such as credit card numbers or
bank details, so the website must be very secure. To
enter a secure code, you usually need to enter your
user name and a ___.
49

PLURAL OF NOUNS
Add s to a singular noun: book books, dog dogs.
If the noun ends in a vowel, ch, sh, x, s, z,
z add es:
es
tomatoes, churches, bushes, boxes, buses, quizzes.
If the noun ends in consonant + y,
y y changes into i:
baby babies, lady ladies.
But, if the noun ends in vowel + y,
y just add s:
boys, toys, days.
If the word ends in f(e),
f(e) f changes into v:
knife knives, wolf wolves.
But, roofs, cliffs, chiefs.
50

IRREGULAR PLURAL
man men
woman women
child children
mouse mice
deer deer
sheep sheep

tooth teeth
foot feet
goose geese
louse lice
fish fish

51

PLURAL OF NOUNS
Brother Sister

Box

Match Key

Person Man

CameraChurch

Child

TeacherGarden
Sandwich

Baby

Secretary

Student Bus
Door

Lady

Gentleman

Tooth

Restaurant

Cinema Foot
Boy

Table

House Life

WindowBanana

Sheep Woman

Chief

Fish
52

THE PLURAL OF NOUNS

PUT THE NOUNS INTO THE CORRECT PLURAL FORM:
1. He saw two (mouse) ______ running across the floor.
2. The baby got three new (tooth) _________.
3. I met some interesting (man) _________ at the meeting
last night.
4. I need some (match) _________.
5. He cooked (potato) _________ for dinner.
6. I visited some (city) ________ in Columbia.
7. She photographed some beautiful (flower) _________
and (leaf) _________.
8. All (child) _________ hid behind the (bush) ________.
9. When we spoke in the cave we heard (echo) _______.
10. Those (woman) ___ in the corner are my (friend) ____.
53

THE PLURAL OF NOUNS

PUT THE SENTENCES INTO PLURAL:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Dont touch this knife.

There is a box on the shelf.
A passer-by stopped to help the injured man.
I am not satisfied with the information.
The furniture in this shop is expensive.
They caught a fish that afternoon.
It was autumn, and a leaf was falling.
A wolf chased a deer for several miles.
There was one thousand boxes in the factory.
54

POSSESSIVE FORMS
In the singular,
singular add 's: Ann's bike, James's
friend, the dog's food, John and Iris's flat.
For plurals ending in s, just add ': the boys'
mother, my parents' house, the ladies' hats.
For other plurals,
plurals add 's: the children's friends,
the women's cars, the people's voices.
We usually use of before things or places: a
picture of a car, the Queen of England, the
Tower of London.
55

POSSESSIVE FORMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

my mother... nose
my sisters... names
Alice and John... house
artists... ideas
those men... faces
his girlfriend... piano
thier grandchild... birthday
their grandchildren... school
my aunt and uncle... shop
the thieves... car
56

NUMERALS
CARDINAL
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten

ORDINAL
1st first
2nd second
3rd third
4th fourth
5th fifth
6th sixth
7th seventh
8th eighth
9th ninth
10th tenth
57

NUMERALS
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty
21 twenty-one

11th eleventh
12th twelfth
13th thirteenth
14th fourteenth
15th fifteenth
16th sixteenth
17th seventeenth
18th eighteenth
19th nineteenth
20th twentieth
21st twenty-first
58

NUMERALS
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 a/one hundred
232 two hundred (and)
thirty-two

30th thirtieth
40th fortieth
50th fiftieth
60th sixtieth
70th seventieth
80th eightieth
90th ninetieth
100th hundredth
232nd two hundred (and)
thirty-second

1121 a/one thousand one

hundred (and) twenty-one

598,347 five hundred (and)

ninety-eight thousand, three
hundred (and) forty-seven
59

NUMERALS
1m a/one million
3bn three billion
DATES
1624 sixteen twenty-four
1903 nineteen-oh-three
2005 two thousand and five
17(th) March 2002 the seventeenth of March, two
thousand and two
March 17(th) 2002 March the seventeenth, two thousand
and two
17/03/(20)02 BrE

3/17/02 AmE
60

Numbers
Cardinal and ordinal: 815 / 10,000 /
4,905 / 75th / 3m / 25bn
Decimals: 3.2, 10.98 (ten point nine eight),
15.361
Fractions: , , (five eights)
Percentage: 2%, 48%, 91.3%
Currency: 102, 4,000 USD, 9m
61

QUANTIFIERS
some, any, no, much, many, few, a few,
little, a little, a lot of
With countable nouns: some, any, no,
many, few, a few, a lot of
With uncountable nouns: some, any,
no, much, little, a little, a lot of
62

QUANTIFIERS
SOME means an indefinite number of. Its usually
used in positive sentences.
There are some beautiful pictures in the museum.
ANY is usually used in negative sentences and
yes/no questions.
Are there any shops near your house?
NO means the same as NOT ANY.
ANY
Theres no bread left.
(A) FEW means a small number of.
Ive got a few minutes if you want to speak to me.
63

QUANTIFIERS
(A) LITTLE means a small quantity of.
Weve got little time, so hurry up!
A LOT OF means a large number of and is
usually used in positive sentences.
There are a lot of nice places to eat round
here.
MANY and MUCH are usually used in negative
sentences and in questions.
I havent hot much money at the moment.
Are there many tourists at this time of year?
64

QUANTIFIERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Be careful on the road. Theres ____ traffic at this time of

day.
My flats got a nice view, but there really isnt ____ space.
Unfortunately, there arent ____ young people around
here.
I cant go out tonight, Ive got ____ money.
The citys mainly modern, but there are ____ old
buildings.
Were very lucky, there are ____ parks where we live.
There arent ____ shops around here. You have to go into
the town centre.
There are ____ places for young people to go, but not
enough, really.
65

Unit 3 Etiquette
Keynotes
Etiquette is the name we give to the rules for
being polite in a social group. Business etiquette
is important for people who often have to make
new contacts and build relationships in their
work. Politeness can also help to improve the
working environment for people in the same
office. Some cultures and situations are formal,
formal
which means that we have to follow rules; other
cultures and situations are informal.
informal
66

Which word does not belong in each

group?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Rude, stuffy, bad-mannered, impolite

Courtesy, politeness, etiquette, impact
Communicate, answer, reply, respond
Regularly, commonly, rarely, often

67

Unit 4 Image
Keynotes
Image is the general opinion most people have of a
company or product. Brand image is the opinion people
have of a brand.
brand A brand usually has a name, a logo (a
symbol) and a design which everyone can easily
recognise and which helps to identify it. Marketing
experts work hard to create brands and promote the
brand image through advertising campaigns.
campaigns This
process of branding is an important part of marketing.
Most customers feel happier buying a famous brand
than a product they dont know. The image of the brand
has to appeal to the target market.
market
68

Word building
NOUN
--Fashion
--Creation
Commerce
Economy
Fame
---

ADJECTIVE
Luxurious
--Industrial
--------Talented
69

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

tall
nice
big
thin
hot
fat

taller
nicer
bigger
thinner
hotter
fatter

the tallest
the nicest
the biggest
the thinnest
the hottest
the fattest

happy
lucky

happier
luckier

the happiest
the luckiest

organised
beautiful

more organised
more beautiful

the most organised

the most beautiful
70

IRREGULAR COMPARISON
POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

good
bad
little
many/much
far

better
worse
less
more
farther/
further

the best
the worst
the least
the most
the farthest/
the furthest

older than
the same as

different from
look like

similar to
71

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Mount Everest is _________________ (high) mountain in

the world.
China has a __________________ (large) population than
Japan.
The KohiNoor is _________________ (big) diamond in
the world.
Travelling by motorbike is __________________
(dangerous) than travelling by car.
He is ________________ (good) polo player in the team.
_____________ (big) animal that ever walked the planet
was ____________ (tall) than a giraffe and
_____________ (heavy) than five elephants.
Which takes ____________ (much) time, sending an email or sending a fax?
72

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

Many people think that Queen Elisabeth of Great Britain is

____________ (wealthy) female ruler.
The baluchitherium lived in Asia between 25 and 40 million
years ago, and was ___________ (big) than any other
animal. Scientists who found the graves of twenty of the
animals say that this is _____________ (important)
discovery of its kind, and that they can now make a
_____________ (accurate) picture of the ancient creature.
Churchill said that democracy is _____________ (bad)
form of government, apart from all the others.
The film was ___________ (funny) than I expected.
______________ (tall) US President was Abraham Lincoln,
who was 1,93m and _____________ (old) was Ronald
Reagan, who was 69 when he become President in 1981.
73

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Being funny is ____________ (difficult) than being

clever, said a comedy magazine editor.
Mauritius is ___________ (hot) and ____________
(dry) than Arizona.
Which is ______________ (nice) room in your house?
He has ______________ (little) brains than luck.
Which is ______________ (big): your bedroom or the
kitchen?
What is ______________ (unusual) object in your
house?
Which is ______________ (useful) thing to own: a car
or a computer?
74

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
AS, THAN, FROM, LIKE, IN, TO
1. Maries dress is very similar ___________ mine.
2. She has the same taste in clothes ____________ me.
3. Anna is older __________ she looks.
4. Tom always seems to have more money __________
everyone else.
5. Do you look ___________ your parents?
6. Whos the youngest person ____________ your family?
7. Our lives today are very different _______________ the
way our grandparents lived.
8. Whats your parents house ___________?
75

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
He looks older than he is. - He isnt (so) as old as he looks.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Its warmer today than yesterday.

You are taller than me.
The hotel is cheaper than I expected.
There were fewer people at this conference than at the
last one
The first joke was funnier than the second one.
His photographs are better than ours.
The city center was more crowded yesterday than it is
today.
This chair is more comfortable than that one.
76

Choose the best word

1.
2.

The US has a bigger / more big domestic market than France.

An off-the-peg dress is more cheap / cheaper than an haute couture
dress.
3. There arent as many designers in London than / as in Paris.
4. This years designs are prettier / more pretty than last year.
5. John Galliano is one of greatest / the greatest designers in the
British fashion industry.
6. I think Stella is most talented / more talented than Susan.
7. Susan is less creative / the least creative of the group.
8. The quality of the clothes in the stores is worse / worst than ever
before.
9. The price in France is the same as / than in the UK.
10. The price in the US is lower / the lower than in the UK.
77

Complete the text with

comparative or superlative
Giorgio Armani, founder of the Armani Group agrees
that the last year has been the (bad) for many years for
fashion and luxury goods companies. When the economy is
down, people dont want to spend money. Now, things are
slowly getting (good), and customers are becoming
(optimistic), but they are (careful) about what they buy than
they were before. Quality and value for money are
becoming (important) and it is (hard) for companies to sell
something just because it has a designer label. People
expect luxury goods to last (long) than other goods.
Consumers are (interested) in fashion and design than ever
before, but they expect to be able to buy the (new) styles
for less.

78

Complete the text with comparative or

superlative
The hotel industry is changing. The latest trend is for
___________ (small), __________ (stylish) hotels with no more than
100 rooms. These hotels are investing in ______________
(attractive) designs, ___________ (comfortable) furniture, and more
personal service than _____________ (big) hotels. Some, targeting
business customers, are offering ____________ (good) value for
money and more up-to-date technology. Among the new hotels
starting up in London, the one with _____________ (low) prices is
the Orion, advertised at 59 per night. At the luxury end of the
market, ______________ (expensive) is the Seven Stars Hotel with
rooms priced at 195 per night. But with no swimming pools or large
function rooms to maintain, these small hotels can expect to be
____________ (profitable) without charging ______________ (high)
than average prices.
79

ADVERBS
Manner How?
nicely, beautifully
Place Where?
at home, in the garden
Time When?
yesterday, in a minute
Frequency How often?
sometimes, usually
80

ADVERBS
REWRITE THE SENTENCES USING ALL THE ADVERBS:
1. He came. (last night, home, late)
2. Henry hurt his right hand. (some weeks ago, badly, on a
broken bottle)
3. The strong man broke the chain. (under the eyes of the
crowd, into pieces, quickly)
4. Dr Johnson washes his hands. (with plenty of soap,
well, always, before operating)
5. He goes. (often, by taxi, to his office)
6. Mrs Green spoke. (to her little boy, yesterday, angrily)
81

WORD FUNCTIONS
SVOMPT

S subject
V verb (predicate)
O object
M adverb of manner
P adverb of place
T adverb of time
82

SVOMPT

He was playing the piano beautifully at the

concert last night.
he
S
was playing
V
the piano
O
beautifully
M
at the concert
P
last night
T
83

Unit 5 Success
Keynotes
A start-up is a new business. Many people
decide to start up their own business because
they have what they think is a good business
idea and they want to become entrepreneurs.
But it is important to prepare a good business
plan before you start. You need to know if there
is a demand for the products or services you
want to offer. If you can finance the operation,
find customers and beat the competition, you
have a good chance of making a profit. Then
you can call your business a success.
84

Demand, grow, control, market

share, profit, market leader
1. A successful company has to make a ___.
2. There has to be a ___ for your products.
3. The most successful companies ___ the
market.
4. Successful companies have a bigger
percentage of sales than their competitors.
They have a bigger ___.
5. A company that has the biggest sales or the
best selling product is the ___.
6. Successful companies are always finding new
markets and opportunities to ___.

85

Bankrupt, distribute, sold, cool,

equipped, order, set up
Snacks 2U was a small firm that produced
fresh snack foods and ___ them to shops, cafes
and bars in the region. To ___ the snacks, it used
trucks which it ___ with refrigerators to keep the
food ___. The business was a success until one
day a new producer ___ in the same are. It
supplied exciting new snack foods at a lower price.
Shops and cafes started to ___ products from the
new company. Snacks 2U wasnt able to compete,
and six months later it went ___.
86

Collocations (combine)

Heads
Rent
Meet
Lose
have

Demand
Fun
An apartment
A company
money

87

Fill in with the phrases from the

previous exercise
1. The person who ___ usually has the title of CEO.
2. Companies sometimes ___ when the economic
situation is bad.
3. More and more people wanted to buy the new
snack food. The company had to increase
production to ___.
4. When Patrick moved away from home to start
work, he had to ___.
5. Running your own business is hard work, but you
can ___ too.
88

THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE

I / you / he / she / it / we / they
+

liked (regular)
saw (irregular)

the film

Did you like

Did he see

the film?

We didnt like
They did not see

the film.
89

The use of the past simple

tense
Completed action in the past:
I met him yesterday / last year / ten days ago/ in 2002.
He graduated, found a job, but quit after a year.
Duration in the past:
I volunteered in the bank for two years.
Habits/facts in the past (also: used to):
Christine ate (used to eat) meat, but now shes a
vegetarian.
90

Fill in the text with a suitable

preposition
Conrad Asher is an entrepreneur. When he was a boy he
decided he didnt want a job where he worked __ 9am
__ 5pm every day. When he finished college __ 1999, he
worked as an events organiser __ two years. Then, __
26 August 2001, he launched his own company to help
organisations choose which sporting events to sponsor.
The company made a loss for the first few years, but __
year, it made a good profit. Conrad likes to start work
early. He is usually at his desk __ 7am. He often goes to
sporting events __ the evenings. __ the weekend,
Conrad plays rugby and hockey and goes to watch
football matches. I enjoy my free time, but I always
enjoy getting back to work __ Monday morning. Conrad
says, Sport is my work and my life; Im very lucky.
91

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

I / you / he / she / it You / we / they
+

I was working.

You were working.

Was I working?

Were you working?

I wasnt working.

You werent working.

92

The uses of the past continuous

tense
He was shouting at his colleague when their
boss entered the office. The phone rang while
they were negotiating.
Were you listening while he was talking?
When I walked into the office, several people
were busily typing, some were talking on the
phones, the boss was yelling directions,
He was constantly / always interrupting people!
93

Past simple or continuous

1.
2.

It (rain) hard when I (leave) home this morning.

John (fall) and (hurt) himself when he (ride) his bicycle
yesterday.
3. As Mary (get) off the bus, she (slip) and (break) her leg.
4. Your telegram (come) just as I (leave) my home.
5. John (talk) with his colleague when I last (see) him.
6. While he (write) the report, the children (fight) and
(scream) so he (shout) at them several times.
7. The postman (come) while I (have) breakfast.
8. We (meet) Joan at the party. She (wear) a red dress.
9. What you (do) between 7 and 9 yesterday evening?
10. I (get) up early this morning. I (wash), (dress) and then I
(have) breakfast.
94

Anita Roddick: A Business

Woman with a Vision
Anita Roddick, founder of the Body Shop, was born in England
in 1942. In the 1960s, she ___ (train) as a teacher in England and
___ (work) for the United Nations in Geneva. She then ___ (decide)
to adopt a hippie lifestyle and ___ (begin) to travel extensively.
While she ___ (travel) around the world, she ___ (learn) many
different customs and rituals from many different countries and ___
(become) interested in anthropology.
In 1971, she married Gordon Roddick. They ran a small hotel
and restaurant in Brighton, but after three years they decided they
___ (want) a different way of life for themselves and their two
children.
While her husband ___ (travel) in the USA in 1976, Anita ___
(open) the first Body Shop, selling natural, environment-conscious
cosmetics packaged in recyclable bottles. The shop became very
popular, and soon many customers ___ (enquire) how they could
start their own branch of the Body Shop.
95

Anita Roddick: A Business

Woman with a Vision
Anita and Gordon then ___ (develop) a new
business philosophy: profits with principles. It was clear
the Body Shop was a cosmetics company with a
difference: they ___ (want) to see social and
environmental changes. They ___ (launch) unusual
advertising campaigns, and ___ (support) a number of
environmental and human organisations.
Anita was named Business Woman of the Year in
London in 1985 and was awarded an Order of the British
Empire in 1988.
The Body Shop today has more then 1,000 stores all
over the world.
96

The Past Perfect Tense

I / you / he / she / it / we / they
+

Had worked
Had seen

Had you worked?

Had he seen?

We hadnt worked.
They had not seen.
97

The uses of the past perfect

tense
Completed action before something
else in the past:
I did not have any money because I had lost
my wallet.
After we had arrived, he left the room.
She had moved to France before Christmas.
98

Simple past or Past perfect

1. After he (finish) his studies, he (live) in England for two
years.
2. Although I (ask) her to lend me the book, she (leave) it
at home.
3. I (not visit) England for seven years when I (go) there
last year.
4. My English teacher (give) me a good report last term.
5. The artist (finish) the painting at exactly three oclock.
6. The fire already (destroy) much of the building when the
firemen (arrive).
7. By two oclock he (read) most of the novel.
99

Simple past or Past perfect

When, in 1926, a US court _____ (send) a man called Arthur
Ferguson to prison for five years, it _____ (be) the end of an
amazing criminal career. The police _____ (arrest) him several
months earlier, when he was trying to sell the Statue of Liberty to an
Australian tourist. After the arrest, the police soon _____ (find) that it
_____ (not be) the first time that Ferguson _____ (try) to make
money by selling famous buildings.
Ferguson _____ (emigrate) to the United States from Scotland the
previous year. Soon after his arrival, he found a luxurious house in
Washington for a rich Texas farmer; but the farmer _____ (not know)
that he _____ (buy) the White House, home of the President of the
United States for hundreds of years!
Before coming to America, Ferguson _____ (sell) Buckingham
Palace home of the English royal family for 2,000, Big Ben for
1,000 and Nelsons Column for 6,000 all to rich American
tourists who perhaps _____ (have) more money than intelligence!
When Ferguson _____ (die), in 1938, he _____ (be) a rich man.
100

The past perfect continuous

tense
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
+

Had been working

Had you been working?

We hadnt been working.

101

Used to + infinitive
To be used to + gerund
We use used to + infinitive for finished habits
and situations, things that were true, but are
not now.
I used to work at night. (= I often worked at
night, but I dont now.)
We use to be used to + gerund, to show that
we are in the habit of doing something, that we
are accustomed to doing something:
Im used to working at night. (= it is normal
for me to do this.)
102

Used to or be used to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

I ___ live in London, but I moved.

They ___ cooking for themselves when they get home
from school.
Do you remember how we ___spend hours in front of
the mirror when we were young?
I not ___ eating this sort of food.
This ___ be an industrial area.
I ___ earn more when I was a teenager than I do now.
The children not ___ going to bed so late.
I not ___ driving on the left.
I not ___ like classical music.
103

Unit 6 Future
Keynotes
Man is constantly exploring new possibilities and
making new discoveries. New technology will
shape our future and open up new opportunities
for business. But developing a new technology
takes time and needs a huge amount of
funding.
funding People who want to finance new
ventures need to borrow a lot of capital.
capital But it
may be difficult to persuade people to invest in
a project that is very risky or doesnt have the
potential to make much profit.
104

An elevator to space

To borrow money from sbd

To lend money to sbd
Reach / rich
Stuff / staff
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space
Administration), US space agency
Joint venture
Return on investment (ROI)
105

An elevator to space
Wouldnt it be nice if you could take an elevator to space?
In the future, you may be able to. Michael Laine hopes that his
new business, LiftPort Group, will complete a space elevator by 2018.
But we already have rockets and satellites, so why an elevator? Well,
its not cheap to get satellites into orbit. To reach 35,793km up where
about half of all satellites go costs above $100m. Add another 10% to
20% for insurance. And make sure you build that satellite right the first
time because, once its up there, you cant fix it.
The private space industry is expected to grow, but many of the
new ventures like the space elevator seem extremely risky. Of course,
Laine knows that things will not be easy. First of all, theres the start-up
cost: He thinks that the construction of the elevator will cost between
$7bn and 10bn over five years. Then theres the fact that the cable for
the elevator needs to be stronger than anything in the industrial use
today about 30 time the strength of steel.
106

An elevator to space
Laine runs the company on a tight budget and employs only
five people. He says he plans to raise capital and set up joint ventures
with other technology businesses. When it is finally completed, the
elevator could compete with NASA and the Russian Space Agency.
It wasnt long ago that Laine himself was skeptical of the
potential for making money in space. Other space enthusiasts were
saying, Lets go to the moon or Lets go to Mars, he remembers. I
kept saying Whats your return on investment your ROI? Currently,
the cost to deliver a kilo of stuff into space using rocket launch is
$20,000. The elevator could carry loads of five thousand kilos per day.
It could deliver over a million kilos of material per year resulting in
billions of dollars in sales. But with so many problems to overcome, will
it ever happen?
107

Collocations
1. to LAUNCH a satellite / rocket / budget / new
product
2. to SET UP a(n) satellite / company / joint
venture / organisation
3. to RAISE
money / capital / the price / a
rocket
4. to MAKE
money / profit / an investment / a
cost
5. to TAKE
a(n) elevator / risk / investment /
decision
108

Financing ventures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Capital
Start-up cost
A tight budget
Potential
Return on investment
Payback period

a) Careful control of costs, necessary

when you have very little money
b) The profit you make from an activity
in relation to how much money you
put in
c) Money you lend to someone so that
they can start a business venture
d) The time needed to get back the cost
of an investment
e) The expense of setting up a new
business or new project
f) Possibility of future success
109

Modal verbs
There are nine modal verbs in English:
can, could, may, might, shall, should,
will, would, must
be able to / have to / need (to) / ought to /
had better / dare (to)

110

Modal verbs
Ability

I can swim/ I am not able to solve this.

I could speak French when I was young.
He wasnt able to (will be able to) solve this.

Possibility

We can / are able to go shopping today.

It could /may / might rain tomorrow.
The lights are on. He must be at home.
He cant be English. He has a strong French
accent.

Deduction

Permission
Requests
Obligation/necessity
Lack of obligation
Prohibition
Advice
Offers
Suggestions

Could/Can/May I smoke? You may/can smoke.

Would/Could /Will/Can you follow me, please?
I must go. He has to study. Does he need to go?
He doesnt have to go to work. You neednt come.
(didnt have to /wont have to go)
You mustnt / cant park here. Its forbidden.
You ought to study. You shouldnt smoke.
Shall /Can / May I help you? (Might I BrE)
We can / could go to the cinema tonight.
111

Modal verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Teds flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours.

He ___ be exhausted after such a long flight.
The loan is optional. A bank officer said we could apply
for it. But we ___ if we dont want to.
The chairman ___ hear me because everybody was
shouting.
The computer isnt working. It ___ be damaged during
the move.
You ____ be rich to be a success. Some of the most
successful people havent got a penny to their name.
You ___ do the job if you dont speak Japanese
fluently.
You ___ worry so much. Either you get the job, or you
dont. If you dont, just apply for another one.
You ___ be kidding! That ___ be true.
112

Modal verbs
1. Im certain there will / may be space tourism in the future.
2. Their flight is delayed so it cant / wont be a problem if
you arrive at two.
3. Some people might / will be interested in your proposal,
but Im really not sure.
4. The project manager is on the phone. He says he hopes
to finish on time but that they may / will be late because
there is a problem with some parts.
5. Ted thinks the price of a ticket into space can / could be
around $150,000 in the future.
6. Thanks for calling. Ill / might give him your message.
113

Gerunds after prepositions

1. Jack really loves surfing the Internet. (crazy about)
2. When I was young, collecting stamps interested me a lot.
(interested in)
3. Im very sorry: I just cant remember peoples names! (not good at)
4. They left the restaurant; they didnt pay the bill. (without)
5. Why dont you do something and not just sit there? (instead of)
6. Does walking alone at night frighten you? (frightened of)
7. Katrina doesnt think about anything except making money.
(obsessed with)
8. My father didnt have a problem with lending me the car. (OK
about)
9. My sister loves shopping for clothes. (mad about)
114

Gerunds and Infinitives

1. What do you think George would like / likes for his birthday this
year?
2. Annette likes / would like Brad Pitt so much, shes got all his films
on video.
3. Hello. Id like to speak / I like speaking to Mr Sheen, please.
4. Would you like to go / Do you like going for a coffee after class
today?
5. One day, I love going / would love to go to Florida for a holiday.
6. Jenny always drives to college because she doesnt like walking /
she wouldnt like to walk.
7. I would love to be / love being a professional ballet dancer, but
Im too tall.
8. Its late and Id like to go / I like going home. Can you phone for a
taxi?
115

Participles: -ed or -ing

1. What an ___ (interest) person he is!
2. I was really ___ (bore) because the journey wasnt ___ (excite) at all.
3. The film was really ___ (scare) and the audience was ___ (horrify).
4. I am on holiday and I am ___ (relax). Dont mention the word work to me!
5. What you told me yesterday was really ___ (disgust)! I was totally ___
(disgust)!
6. He is ___ (interest) in languages but so ___ (bore) with grammar.
7. The ___ (amuse) thing about my neighbour is that he always goes jogging
at 5 oclock in the morning.
8. Everyone was ___ (surprise) to see him at the party.
9. The most ___ (terrify) thing for me is getting cold feet when taking an
exam.
10. He is so ___________ (bore). I cannot stand him!
116

Participles: -ed or -ing

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Driving for a long time can be tired / tiring.

A long walk in the park can be relaxed / relaxing.
If you have nothing to do, you may be bored / boring.
A piece of news can be surprised / surprising.
You can be interested / interesting in football.
Going for a swim can be relaxed / relaxing.
A film can be excited / exciting.
People can be worried / worrying about losing their job.
Hard work can make you tired / tiring.
This exercise is really tired / tiring.
Hes often boring / bored at work, because hes got a boring / bored job.
Im very annoying / annoyed when somebody phones me late at night.
Its frightening / frightened when you hear strange noises at night.
117

Unit 7: Location
Keynotes
The location of a business can be an
important factor for its growth.
growth If a company
wants to set up an office in a new location to
be near regional markets,
markets for example it
needs to be sure that the region has good
infrastructure and a stable economy.
economy Some
governments offer low taxes to attract
companies to set up in developing regions.
regions
After deciding on the region or city for the new
office, the company then has to find a good site
for its premises.
premises
118

Collocations
capital market / investment bank / multi-national company /
service sector / shopping mall / regional office

The companies in an economy that dont manufacture

anything, but provide services such as banking,
insurance and tourism
A companys local office in a different country or city
from their main office
A place where people and businesses can deal in
stocks and shares, raise finance and make investments
A financial institution that specisalises in buying stocks
and shares, and also gives financial advice to
businesses
A large area, often inside a huge building, with a lot of
shops
A large corporation with activities in many different
countries

119

Multi-part verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

The sun set / set up at 6:30 yesterday.

Im planning to set / set up a new business, selling holidays
abroad.
If you run / run out of money, you may have to ask the bank for a
loan.
Many people leave their jobs to run / run out their own business.
We sold / sold out 50 tickets for the cruise tomorrow night.
I wanted a ticket for the cruise, but they were sold / sold out.
out
The market for luxury cruises is growing / growing up.
up
Toms children are growing / growing up.
up They are now 12 and
14.
It took 20 years to build / build up the business to a chain of
supermarkets.
It took 6 months to build / build up the new block for our regional
offices.
120

Expressing the future

Present simple
Schedules, timetables, programmes. Only a few verbs are
used in this way: to be, open, close, begin, start, end, finish,
arrive, come, leave, return.
The train leaves London at 9pm tonight.
Joanna starts work next week.
Tomorrow is Saturday.
Present continuous
Things that have already been arranged.
Mike is taking his English exam next year.
They cant play tennis tomorrow. They are working.
Were going to the cinema on Friday.
121

Expressing the future

Be going to
When the speaker is making a prediction based on evidence.
Theres a cloud in the sky. Its going to rain.
When the speaker already has an intention or plan.
Were going to paint the house tomorrow.
Hes going to buy a house in London.
Will
When the speaker is making a prediction.
Tomorrow will be hot and sunny.
People will go to Mars in the next decade.
When the speaker decides to do sth at the time of speaking.
He had no previous plan.
Hold on. Ill get the pencil.
We will see what we can do to help you.
122

Present simple or present

continuous
1.
2.
3.

I (see) Jessica tonight.

Im afraid I cant come to dinner on Saturday I (meet) Tim.
Your plane (leave) London at 8.30 and (arrive) in Cairo at
12.00.
4. I always (travel) by the 8.30 train because it (get) to London
before ten oclock.
5. You (stay) at home this weekend?
6. The Prime Minister (arrive) in India on Tuesday, (spend) a
couple of days in Delhi, then (go) on to Malaysia.
7. Kate phoned up. She (come) round to see us this afternoon.
8. Please look after my cat while I (be) on holiday.
9. Wait until the scandal (be) forgotten.
10. I (go) to London to look for an old friend.
11. Phil and Monica (go) to Toms wedding on Sunday.
12. Ill phone you when I (get) home.
123

Present continuous, Going to or

Will
Weve moved into a new house, so we (have) a party
soon.
2. Im afraid I cant come to dinner on Saturday I (meet)
Tim.
3. Its raining we (have to) take an umbrella.
4. My cousins (come) to stay with us at the weekend.
5. Look at that car! It (hit) that tree!
6. I promise I (not do) that again.
7. Did you hear that the company (open) a new factory?
8. You look tired. Sit down and I (make) you a cup of tea.
9. Kates really unhappy at work so she (look for) a new job
soon.
10. She looks really unhappy. I think she (cry).
1.

124

Word families
1. Steel __________ (produce) has decreased by 34%.
2. I'm allergic to dairy __________ (produce).
3. The committe is unsure regarding the issue of unhealthy
and __________ (productivity) workplaces.
4. Pizza Mondo offers free __________ (deliver).
5. The company is now one of the major __________
(supply) of educational software to schools.
6. More donors are needed as blood __________ (supply)
run low.
125

Underline the correct verb

1. When you set / pay the price, its important to have a strategy.
2. A lower price may increase sales but it will also reduce / slow
the profit margin.
3. The company may have to cut / borrow its costs to survive
this recession.
4. When people tell / stretch the truth they may commit
insurance fraud.
5. The governments policy has pushed up / risen the cost of
living.
6. Weve decided to go up / put up our prices.
7. Id like to make / say a complaint about one of your staff.

126

QUESTIONS
I Yes/No Questions:
Questions

II WH Questions:
Questions

They begin with a question

word: who, what, where,
when, why, how

All Yes/No questions begin

with a verb.
The verb is either auxiliary or
modal:
Are you ready?
Has she arrived?
Do I need a visa?
Can you swim?

WH Questions normally have

the same word order as
Yes/No questions:
When did you arrive?
How does he like his job?
Whos that?
Whats this?
127

Put the words in the correct

order
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

mean / does / What / launch/?

like / Manager / our / talk / you / to / to / Would /
Marketing /?
a / advertising / Do / lot / on / spend / they/?
advertise / did / range / their / they / Where / new/?
targets / meet / Did / your / you / sales /?
expecting / figures / sales / Were / better / you /?
for / Have / my / quarter / read / report / sales / the /
you /?
a / How / do / often / report / write / you /?
128

Make questions for the

underlined words
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

The President and his wife live in Madrid.

Tim travels to the USA once a month.
The goods will arrive in 10 days.
A ticket for the Saturdays concert costs 15.
Ann teaches French.
John and Tom are going to set up a company.
John checked his mail.
Weve seen a child playing in the park.
I used to go to the cinema once a week.
They have been waiting for me for hours.
129

Unit 8 Job-seeking
Keynotes
Job-seekers look for work in the job market;
market
employers offer jobs to people with the right
qualifications and experience.
experience People who
know what kind of job they want can look at job
advertisements for a suitable position.
position Others
may go to career advisers to ask for help in
starting or managing their careers. Large
companies have a Human Resources
Department, which deals with recruitment and
hiring employees, and also manages career
development within the company.
130

Types of work
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Full-time
Part-time
Flexi-time
Job-share
Contract work
Tele-working
Shift work
Skilled work

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

Work from home using a computer

Work that needs special training
Start and finish work at convenient times
Work shorter hours or fewer days a week
Sometimes work at night and sometimes
in the day
Go to a place of work five full days a
week
Work for a co. for a fixed time until a
project is finished
Divide a job between you and another
person

131

Accepts, attend, apply, advertisement,

candidates, invites, offers
1. Employer posts a job ___ on a website or in a
newspaper.
2. Job-seekers ___ for the post.
3. The employer selects suitable ___.
4. The employer ___ the selected candidates for
interview.
5. Candidates ___ their interview.
6. The employer ___ the job to the best candidate.
7. The candidate ___ or declines the offer.
132

Accept, applications, interview, job ads,

recruit, selected, resume, offered
Esther Garcia graduated from university with a degree
in telecommunications. But finding her first job was very
hard. She searched all the ___ in the newspapers and on the
internet. She made lots of ___ to different companies. She
also sent her ___ to all the big telecommunications
companies. But most companies didnt even invite her for
___. It seemed that they only wanted to ___ people with job
experience. After several months, a finance company in
Madrid ___ Esther a place on a three-month graduate trainee
scheme. At the end of the three months, Esther was the only
person out of the ten trainees to be ___ for a permanent job.
Of course, Esther was very happy to ___.
133

Articles
Indefinite article a manager / an engineer
to denote one: He has a car.
to introduce something for the first time: There is a report
on your desk.
professions / nationalities: He is a bank manager / an
Italian.
an example of a class of things: A cheetah is an animal.
expressions of measure (price / speed / frequency): $20 a
kilo / 60km an hour / once a year
134

Articles
Definite article

the bank manager / the engineer

when the listener knows what person/thing you are talking about: Have you
finished writing the report?
when something has already been mentioned: He works in a bank. The
bank is in the centre of the city.
when there is only one of a particular thing: the sun, the world, the
President, the Pope
rivers, oceans, seas: the Danube, the Pacific, the Adriatic Sea
chains of mountains, groups of islands: the Alps, the Philippines
superlatives, ordinal numbers, decades: the tallest boy, the third man, the
1960s
before adjectives used as nouns: the poor, the black
nationalities and family names: the Italians, the Simpsons
135

Articles
No article ( article)
talking generally: Books are expensive. Inflation is rising.
sports: Tennis is popular in Serbia.
names of countries that are not unions or republics: Italy,
England, America
But: The UK, the USA, the Irish Republic, The Netherlands,
the Vatican

136

Articles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Wheres coffee/the coffee? Its in the cupboard on the left.

I always drink coffee/the coffee at breakfast time.
Swiss people/The Swiss people all learn two languages at school.
Swiss people/The Swiss people in my class all speak German.
These days, its easy to buy books/the books over the Internet.
Where are books/the books you borrowed from the library?
Whats the weather/weather like today?
Some people think that people work harder in cold weather/the cold weather.
Can you pass me salt/the salt, please?
Salt/The salt is bad for you if you eat too much of it.
This river is so polluted that all fish/the fish have died.
Eating fish/the fish is very good for your heart.
I went to see Chicago last night: music/the music was great.
I sometimes listen to music/the music when Im working.
137

A, AN, THE or :
I used to live in ___ Budapest, ___ capital of ___
Hungary. ___ city is on ___ River Danube and it is in two
parts. I lived in ___ north of Budapest on ___ hill in ___ very
attractive apartment.
I remember, at ___ night I often used to walk along
___ river and look at all ___ beautiful buildings. I often think
about it.
I think ___ Hungarian people are very intelligent; they
have produced ___ lot of famous musicians and
mathematicians. I also think ___ Hungarian is ___ most
difficult language I have ever tried to learn, because it is so
different from ___ English.
138

A, AN, THE or :
1. ___ my sister lives in ___ big flat.
2. Wheres ___ phone? In ___ kitchen.
3. Most ___ people like ___ animals.
4. Do you play ___ tennis?
5. ___ musics too loud please turn it down.
6. Have you ever seen ___ Eiffel Tower?
7. My brother is ___ doctor.
8. ___ Andy works at ___ Apollo Theatre.
9. ___ River Rhone runs into ___ Mediterranean Sea.
10. All our furniture is made of ___ wood.
139

A, AN, THE or :
In ___ 1969, in ___ Portland, ___ Oregon, ___ man
went to rob ___ bank. He didnt want ___ people in ___
bank to know what was happening, so he walked up to one
of ___ cashiers, wrote on ___ piece of ___ paper This is
___ robbery and Ive got ___ gun, and showed ___ paper
to ___ cashier. Then he wrote Take all ___ money out of
your drawer and put it in ___ paper bag. ___ cashier read
___ message, wrote at ___ bottom of ___ paper I havent
got ___ paper bag and gave ___ paper back to ___ robber.
___ robber ran out of ___ bank.

140

A, AN, THE or :
1. Does he speak __ English? Of course he does. He is __ Englishman. He is
from __ Brighton.
2. Do you take __ milk and __ sugar in your coffee?
3. My brother goes to __ school in __ afternoon.
4. __ ugliest man I have ever seen was also __ finest singer I have ever heard.
5. __ sugar you bought yesterday got wet.
6. __ your wife phoned and left __ message for you.
7. What __ interesting story! Is it from __ same book?
8. He was in __ bed with flue for 10 days.
9. Your bag is under __ bed.
10. __ Japanese admire the traditions of __ Chinese.
11. We have English classes twice __ week.
12. He drove at __ speed of 50 miles __ hour.
141

Unit 9: Selling
Keynotes
Many manufacturers sell their products through
retailers, but they may also sell direct to the
consumer by telephone or on the internet, or
they may employ sales representatives. A lot of
companies sell products and services business
to business, B2B.
B2B Product information is
created in the form of flyers or catalogues and
some companies send this information to large
numbers of potential customers through the
post. This method of selling is called direct mail.
Marketers are always looking for ways to
promote their products to new kinds of customer.
142

Boost, debt, discount, estimate, high-earning,

method, pay off, spending power, worth
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

The market for new cars is ___ about 200m a year.

We ___ that our share of the market will be 28 per
cent.
We are targeting ___ consumers with salaries above
100,000 a year, who have enormous ___.
Many of our customers have a ___ of 5,000 or more.
It will take them several years to ___ these loans.
We have a special offer this month: a 5% ___ on all
products.
Were trying a new ___ of selling: sending special
offers by text message.
The company hopes that its new strategy will give
sales a ___.
143

Word building
Noun

Person

Verb

____

____

Sponsor

Consumption

____

____

marketing

____

____

____

____

organise

analysis

____

____

____

agent

no verb

144

Complete the sentences with a suitable form of

the word given in brackets
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

The tobacco industry's ___ (sponsor) of sporting events is

controversial.
___ (consume) will soon be paying higher air fares.
3. We're keeping an eye on gangsters and black ___ (market).
Greenpeace is an ___ (organise) that works to protect the
environment.
Political ___ (analyse) expect the Conservatives to win.
The government is urging people to reduce their water ___
(consume).
The sales improved following a $2 million ___ (market)
campaign.
He had proved himself an excellent ___ (organise) and
effective leader.
The article provides a detailed ___ (analyse) of various
designs.

145

Word families
With an exciting new machine, you can now make the
perfect espresso coffee at home. Nespresso has combined an
excellent product design with clever _____________ (market) to
completely change coffee _____________ (consume) at home.
A recent ______________ (analyse) of the espresso market,
carried out by the market research _____________ (agent)
Adpro, shows that the potential for sales of Nespresso machines
is huge. E.g. 70% of the French ______________ (consumer)
espresso, but only 10% have a machine at home. Nespresso
sells coffee capsules for its machines through the Nespresso
Club, which allows _______________ (consumption) to order
online. The company is a ________________ (sponsorship) of
the sailing team, Ainghi, in its campaign to win the Americas
Cup. This _______________ (sponsor) deal is a perfect match
146
between two dynamic world teams

Unit 10 Price
Keynotes
It is difficult for companies to set the price of a
product. A lower price may help to increase
sales, but it also reduces the profit margins. As
a result, the company may have to cut costs to
keep prices down. We often use graphs to show
trends in prices over months or years. Studying
the trends can help companies to choose the
right pricing strategy for their products.
147

Match
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Advances
Margin
Workforce
Minor
Portion
Trend

a) The difference between the cost

of production and the price of the
product
b) Less important
c) An amount of food for one
person
d) Changes that bring improvement
e) The way a situation changes and
develops
f) All the people who work in a
particular company or factory
148

Synonyms
Cut, drop, fall, lower, put up, raise, rise,
reduce, push down, rocket

INCREASE

DECREASE

149

Relative clauses
Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whose, where, when
1. We use which or that for things:
things
Have you read the report which/that I left on your desk?
2. We use who or that for people:
people
The people who/that we employ are very highly qualified.
3. We can leave out who,
who which or that when it is the object of the
sentence, but not when it is the subject:
subject
The people we employ are very highly qualified.
but: A counterfeiter is a person who copies goods.
Have you read the report I left on your desk.
but: Organisations that are flexible can respond to change.
150

Relative clauses
4. We use whose for possession:
possession
Theres the man whose wallet was stolen.
5. We use where for place:
place
We visited the town where I was born.
6. We use when for time:
time
I think that was the time when I lost all my money.
7. Non-defining relative clauses provide extra information about the
subject or object of a sentence. The extra information is separated by
commas:
Philip Condit, who is chairman of Boeing, wants the airline to
become a global company.
The Dorfmann hotel, which is situated 30 km outside Vienna,
charges US$ 1400 per person.
It is not possible to use that in a non-defining clause.

151

Relative clauses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A plumber is a person. He mends pipes.

A calculator is a small machine. It does arithmetic for you.
A kettle is a machine. It heats water.
A scarf is a thing. You wear it round your neck.
Sun cream is stuff. You put it on your skin when its very sunny.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A car dealer is a person/buy and sell/cars.

A jeweler is a person/make and sell/rings and necklaces.
An antique dealer is a person/buy and sell/old furniture.
A newsagent is a person/sell/newspapers, cigarettes, etc.
A chef is a person/cook/meals in a restaurant or hotel.
152

INSERT A RELATIVE PRONOUN TO JOIN THE

SENTENCES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

A sunhat is a hat ____ protects your head from the sun.

A designer is a person ____ designs clothes.
Soap is stuff ____ you use to wash your hands.
A florist is a person ____ sells flowers.
A belt is a long leather thing ____ stops your trousers from falling down.
An answering machine is a machine ____ answers the phone for you
when youre busy.
Lipstick is make-up ____ women wear on their mouths.
Sandals are a special kind of shoes ___ you wear in the summer.
A butcher ____ is a person ____ sells meat.
Earrings are gold or silver things ____ people wear in their ears.
I met him in the caf ____ he was working as a waiter.
The woman ____ I spoke to wasnt very polite.
153

JOIN THE SENTENCES WITH A RELATIVE

PRONOUN:
1. Ive got a brother. He lives in Scotland.
2. Henrys got a hat. Its red, green and blue.
3. Claire is a writer. She is very famous.
4. Hes the person. Hes going to be promoted.
5. Its a salad. It tastes delicious.
6. This is a picture. It was painted by Monet.
7. Theyre the people. Their shop burned down last week.
8. Hes a teacher. He is very popular.
9. Its a machine. It makes pasta.
10. This is a mobile phone. It can send e-mails.
154

JOIN THE SENTENCES WITH A

RELATIVE PRONOUN:
1. John S. Pemberton was the pharmacist _____ gave America Coca
Cola.
2. Where are the apples _____ were on the table?
3. A unicorn is an imaginary horse-like animal _____ appears only in
stories.
4. Did you hear _____ I said?
5. We saw some people _____ car had broken down.
6. The motel _____ we stayed wasnt very clean.
7. He is the doctor _____ you recommended to me.
8. The woman _____ lives next door is very friendly.
9. Do you know the girl _____ Jim is talking to?
10. The weather, _____ we expected to be quite cold, was very warm.
155

Unit 12 Service
Keynotes
Customer satisfaction is an important part of a
companys sales strategy, so companies try to
provide good customer service. That means offering
high quality products and services, answering
queries, making it easy for customers to order and
pay for goods, and delivering on time. Companies
also need to have a system for handling
complaints, so that if they make a mistake or offer
poor service, they can deal with the problem. Most
companies train their customer service staff to deal
politely with customers.
156

Cross out the noun which does

not go with the verb
1. Make
apology
2. Deal with
3. Handle
4. Offer
5. Satisfy

a complaint / a customer / an
a service / a customer / a problem
a query / a need / a complaint
a refund / an apology / a complaint
a need / a customer / a complaint
157

Choose the correct verb

If a company doesnt satisfy / offer a customers
needs and he or she makes / offers a complaint, the
company should respond immediately and deal with /
satisfy the customers problem. Businesses that dont try to
satisfy / handle their customers usually receive more
complaints. If the company offers / deals with a refund, the
complaining customer will often come back. But if the
company fails to even make / handle an apology, the
customer will not only change to another company, but may
also tell other people about their bad experience.

158

Unit 13 - Productivity
Keynotes
In manufacturing, productivity means the amount of
goods produced in relation to the work, time and money
needed to produce them. There are many ways for
companies to improve productivity: by installing new
equipment with more up-to-date technology,
technology for example.
Many manufacturers and suppliers have a system of justin-time delivery,
delivery which reduces the cost of carrying large
quantities of stock.
stock More generally, productivity means
doing something efficiently:
efficiently not wasting time and
resources.
resources
159

Revolution in the car industry

The car business has a serious problem: it is producing too many
cars. This over-capacity is resulting in fierce competition. Each
manufacturer is competing in every segment of the market, with a
huge range of models to attract different consumers. And models
are frequently updated to keep interest fresh. This is making the
business complex and expensive. So how can companies cut
costs and increase their profit margins?
To offer so many different models, car companies need factories
that are completely flexible. They need to switch quickly from
making one model to another to meet changing demands. Honda
was first to do this, organising its factories so that any one of
them could make any model of car. They can switch to a new
model overnight, simply by changing the software in the robots.
160

Revolution in the car industry

Delivery is another issue that affects margins. For years, companies
have tried to cut the time between a customer placing an order for a
car and taking delivery. Manufacturers now operate a just-in-time
production system. The components for each car arrive at precisely the
right moment when they are needed on the assembly line. Such
production methods have cut the cost of holding components in stock,
and have resulted in high productivity. Most makers are now able to
assemble a car in just 18-20 man-hours.
But once the car is finished, it usually stays in a distribution centre for
40-80 days. A shorter order-to-delivery cycle would lower the costs of
holding stocks of finished cars. Moreover, most of these vehicles need
to be discounted to get people to buy them. With big discounts on sale
price, there is no guarantee of profits even when the factories are busy.
161

Revolution in the car industry

The magic answer to all this could be build to order (BTO). Instead
of following the sales departments forecasts, cars could be quickly
assembled to the customers orders. Nissan has calculated they
could increase profit by as much as $3,600 a vehicle in this way.
But some people in the industry predict that the shape of car
manufacturing will change even more radically. One view is that
todays manufacturers will disappear. In their place will be vehicle
brand owners (or VBOs). They will do only the designing,
engineering and marketing of vehicles. Everything else, including
even final assembly, will be done by the parts suppliers.
Such changes to the way the industry is organised may be
necessary if companies are to survive.

162

Design to delivery
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Delay
Demand
Forecast
Model
Range
Stock
Switch
Update

a) Change from one thing to another

b) A set of similar products made by a
particular company
c) A situation where sth is late
d) A prediction about a future situation
e) Peoples need or wish to buy
particular goods
f) Make sth more modern, using the
latest technology
g) A type or design of car or machine
h) A supply of items that a company
keeps to use when it needs them
163

Just-in-time production
Assembly, components, finished goods, order, supplier
1.Manufacturers ___ supplies electronically according
to need.
2.___ delivers parts to the manufacturer several times
a day.
3.___ are taken to the assembly line at the moment
they are needed.
4.___ of parts to build the finished products.
5.Stocks of ___ wait for delivery to the customer.
164

Word building
noun

person

verb

production, product

---

---

---

deliver

supply

---

---

manufacturing

---

---

noun

Adjective

productivity

---

---

efficient

165

Efficient stock control

Manufacturing businesses hold stocks of ___ to be
used in the assembly process. If a ___ fails to
deliver parts on time, the company can use its
stocks to avoid a ___ in production. Companies
also hold stocks of ___ that are waiting to be sold.
Without these, the company could lose sales if
customer ___ unexpectedly increases. But holding
___ costs money so thats why companies ___ the
minimum quantity for their needs, and arrange ___
just in time.
166

Unit 15 - Motivation
Keynotes
People work hard because they are motivated to
achieve something. Many companies encourage hard work
by offering higher pay and bonuses for good performance.
performance
In the past, companies rewarded long-term service and
loyalty to the company. Staff were motivated by the chance
of promotion to senior positions. Nowadays, companies are
less hierarchical,
hierarchical and people change jobs more often. This
means that companies have to find new ways to attract and
keep talented workers for example by creating a more
exciting working environment.
167

The kids are all right

Youth is a time for fun. In one American playground in Florida, there are
basketball courts and volleyball nets. Inside, there are bright colours,
Nerf guns and a games room with pingpong. This is not a school, but
the offices of CapitalOne, one of Americas largest credit-card firms. The
firm gives each department a monthly fun budget. The same sort of
thing can be found across corporate America these days. The kids have
taken over. It is technology that drives business today, and dot.com
culture is everywhere. The young are now the rising power in the
workplace.
Take Microsoft, a business with 40, 000 mostly young employees: the
dress code is anything goes as long as youre clean. People wear
shorts and have blue hair sometimes even in management. The
typical workplace scene features mid-afternoon hockey, video games
and techno music on headphones.
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The kids are all right

Companies want to attract and keep a younger workforce because
of its technical skills and enthusiasm for change. So young culture
is becoming part of office culture. This may be no bad thing. Along
with the company fun budget come things that matter more deeply
to young people: opportunity, responsibility, respect.
In the past, it was the middle-aged who ruled. At work, grey hair,
years of loyal service and seniority counted most. Now things are
changing. Older workers will not disappear, but they will have to
share power with the young. In the old days companies grew
slowly; with success came conservative corporate values. Now the
worlds largest firms can crash at any moment. The pace of
change is increasing. And change favours the young: they learn
and relearn faster and will risk more to try new things.
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The kids are all right

Many companies no longer have seniority-based
hierarchies. People can get to the top faster. They dont
have to spend years showing respect for their superiors. It
is more important that they are able to understand ebusiness and have the courage to ask why?. Loyalty to the
company is less important than talent. Employees stay only
when there are challenges and rewards. Changing jobs
frequently is now a sign of ambition and initiative.
All this is a good thing. Young people are at their most
creative stage in life. Now they have more opportunity to
put their ideas and energy into practice.
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Hierarchy, level, reward, senior, superiors,

subordinates, responsibility, seniority
Some companies have a complex ___ with
many levels of management; ___ managers are
very powerful, so it is important to show them great
respect and ___ are generally afraid to question
the decisions of their ___. Other companies are
less hierarchical. People respect each other
because of their skills, not because of their ___.
These companies give younger employees more
___. They ___ good ideas from every ___ in the
organisation.
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