although, but, however

This presentation explains

how these words affect
sentence structure and
punctuation.
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although
but
however

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These three words are

related semantically
(in meaning): they all
signal a contrast in the
information that
follows with the
information that
precedes.

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although
but
however

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However, these
words differ
structurally: they
are different parts
of speech and affect
sentence patterns in
different ways.

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although, but, however

semantic
similarity
structural
difference
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An editor needs
to know the
structural
difference in
order to
punctuate
sentences
correctly.

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although, but, however

sentence patterns and

punctuation
Punctuation errors can result from
using the words as interchangeable.
Misreading can result from errors.

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parts of speech
word

part of speech

effect on sentence

although

subordinating
conjunction

makes clause dependent

but

coordinating
conjunction

joins like things

(2 independent clauses)

however

conjunctive
adverb

modifies an independent
clause

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sentence analysis
Although I have studied the
textbook, I am still confused.

two clauses (2 pairs of subject + verb)

subordinating conjunction (although)
dependent clause
complex sentence: comma after the
introductory clause
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sentence analysis
I have studied the textbook, but
I am still confused.
coordinating conjunction (but)
two independent clauses
compound sentence: comma separates
clauses with a coordinating conjunction
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sentence analysis
I have studied the textbook;
however, I am still confused.
conjunctive adverb (however); joins
clauses but does not affect the sentence
pattern
two independent clauses
compound sentence, no coordinating
conjunction-->semicolon
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sentence analysis
I am confused.
I have, however, studied the
textbook.
adverb (however)
two simple sentences
the adverb is an interrupting word
that requires a pair of commas
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review

although, but, however

Parts of speech affect sentence patterns.

Although, but, and however are different
parts of speech.
although--subordinating conjunction
but--coordinating conjunction
however--conjunctive adverb

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review

sentence types

compound sentence =
two independent clauses
join with comma plus coordinating conjunction
join with a semicolon

complex sentence =
one independent clause,
one dependent clause
join with a comma or nothing (never a
semicolon)
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review

although, but, however

Although makes a clause dependent

and the sentence complex.
But joins independent clauses in a
compound sentence.
However can join independent clauses
but does not change their
independence.
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editing:

original sentence

When editors analyze sentence

structure, they punctuate
correctly; although it is easy to
confuse different parts of
speech.

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editing:

analysis

When editors analyze

sentence structure

dependent
clause (S+V +
subordinating
conjunction)

they punctuate correctly

independent
clause (S+V)

although it is easy to
confuse different parts
of speech.

dependent
clause (S+V +
subordinating
conjunction)

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option for punctuation #1

Delete the semicolon (or replace it with a
comma): maintain complex sentence.

When editors analyze sentence

structure, they punctuate
correctly died although it is easy
to confuse different parts of
speech.
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option for punctuation #2

Replace although with however and
retain the semicolon: create a compound

sentence.

When editors analyze sentence

structure, they punctuate
correctly; however, it is easy to
confuse different parts of speech.
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Choosing an option
In this case, the second
option is easier to read
because it has two
independent clauses rather
than two dependent clauses.

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although, but, however

know parts of speech
know the ways these words affect
clauses
punctuate according to structure

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