BASIC COMPETENCY ASSESSMENT

& UPGRADATION
IN WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Dr V Srihari

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

AND RESEARCH(NICMAR)
HYDERABAD

Water distribution on the earth

Do you know---Nearly 97.5%

of the worlds water is salty or
otherwise undrinkable.
Another 2% is locked in ice
caps and glaciers.
That leaves only 0.5% for all
of humanitys needs all its
agricultural, residential,
manufacturing, community,
and personal needs.

What Is Water Purification?

Water purification generally means freeing water from
any kind of impurity it contains, such as contaminants
or micro organisms.
&
It is the transition of dirty harmful (Contaminated)
water into clean safe water.

Water treatment
for
potable water

Waste Water treatment

For
Safe disposal

Water Treatments Overview

Drinking Water Treatment
Municipal & Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Boiler Water Treatment
Desalination (RO Water Treatment)
Industrial Process water

Water Treatments Overview

Drinking Water Treatment

Water Treatment Stages

1. Screening
2. Aeration
3. pH correction
4. Coagulation and
flocculation
5. Sedimentation
6. Pre-chlorination and
dechlorination
7. Filtration
8. Disinfection
9. pH adjustment

Screening,
Definition:
Screening is a unit operation that separates
materials in and/or on water (found in different
sizes) from water and from entering water
treatment facilities and mains.
The unit involved is called a screen.

Classification of Screens
Opening size [Coarse, Medium and Fine]
Configuration [Bar Screens and Mesh
Screens]
Method used to clean the entrapped materials
(manually, mechanically, raked or water-jet
cleaned)
Fixed or moving screen surface.

Drinking Water Treatment Flow Diagram

Initial Stages.
Aeration - dissolving oxygen into the water to
remove smell and taste, promote helpful
bacteria to grow, and precipitate nuisance
metals like iron and manganese.

Types of Aerators
Gravity aerators
Fountain aerators
Diffused aerators
Mechanical aerators.

Drinking Water Treatment Flow Diagram

Turbidity
pH
Chlorine/Ozone

What is Coagulation?
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by addition of
chemicals that neutralize the negative charges
The chemicals are known as coagulants, usually higher valence
cationic salts (Al3+, Fe3+ etc.)
Coagulation is essentially a chemical process

---- --- - --- - - -- water treatment

21

Major Clean Up
Coagulation and flocculation - causes the
agglomeration and sedimentation of suspended
solid particles through the addition of a
coagulating agent (usually aluminum sulfate
and/or iron sulfate) to the raw water along with a
polymer to help form a floc.

Coagulation aim

23

COAGULANT AIDS
Other substances than
coagulants used:
- Clay minerals
- Silicates
- Polymers

Polymers are often

either anionic or
cationic to aid
coagulation.
Polymers also
reinforce flocs
24

Jar Test apparatus

JAR TEST:
The jar test simulate the coagulation/flocculation process in
a batch mode.
A series of batch tests are run in which pH, coagulant type
and dosage and coagulant aid are varied to get the optimal
dosage (lowest residual turbidity).
An economic analysis is performed to select these
parameters.

Coagulation & Flocculation

Rapid Mixing - 20 to 60
seconds
Flocculation Gentle mixing
20-60 minutes to aggregate
the particles
Coagulants
Aluminum sulfate (alum)
Ferrous sulfate (ferric)
Ferric chloride

Flocculation
Gentle mixing to cause collisions between particles.
When destabilized particles collide they stick together to
form floc

Flocculation Basins

Settling (Sedimentation)

Circular Basin

Rectangular Basin

Basin Model

Settling

Flocculator-clarifier

Sedimentation Basin

Empty Sedimentation Basin

Drinking Water Treatment Flow Diagram

Turbidity
pH
Chlorine
Sludge
Level

Sludge Conc.

Organics
TOC

Turbidity
Turbidity

Filtration Technologies

Particle Removal Mechanisms in Filters

collector

Transport to a surface
Molecular diffusion
Inertia
Gravity
Interception

Attachment
Straining

Filtration Technologies
Slow (FiltersEnglishSlow sandBiosand)
First filters used for municipal water treatment
Were unable to treat the turbid waters
Can be used after Roughing filters

Rapid (MechanicalAmericanRapid sand)

Used in Conventional Water Treatment Facilities
Used after coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation
High flow ratesclog dailyhydraulic cleaning

Ceramic

Filtration Outline
Filters
Range of applicability

Particle Capture
theory

Filters

Rapid
Slow
BioSand
Pots
Roughing
Multistage Filtration

Filters Galore
Slow Sand
Rapid Sand
Cartridge

Bag

Pot
Bio Sand

Diatomaceous earth filter

Candle

Filter range of applicability

1

10
NTU
100

1000

SSF

10

100
1k
people

RSF+ DE

10k

100k

Cartridge Bag

Pot Candle

Rapid Sand Filter

(Conventional Treatment)

Size
(mm)

Anthracite
Influent

Drain
Effluent

Sand
Gravel

0.70

Specific Depth
Gravity (cm)
1.6

30

0.45 - 0.55 2.65

45

2.65

45

5 - 60

Wash water

Backwash
Wash water
is treated
water!
Anthracite
Influent

Drain
Effluent

Sand
Gravel
Wash water

Final Touches
Disinfection
The filtered water may normally contain some harmful
disease producing bacteria in it. These bacteria must be
killed in order to make the water safe for drinking. The
process of killing these bacteria is known as Disinfection.

Methods of Disinfection
Boiling
Treatment with Excess Lime
Treament with Ozone
Chlorination

 ---water is treated with a powerful oxidizing agent usually

chlorine, chlorine then ammonia (chloramine), or ozone.
A residual disinfectant is left in the water to prevent reinfection.

pH adjustment - so that treated water leaves the plant

in the desired range of 6.5 to 8.5 pH units.

Break- point chlorination

Generalized curve obtained during breakpoint chlorination

Break Point Curve

If inorganic chlorine demand (e.g. Iron & Mn) is present, initial Cl 2

dose produces no residual Cl2.
Residual Cl2 Vs Cl2 dose Curve would be flat until the demand is
satisfied.
As the Cl2 dose increase, Cl2 residual first rises to a max. & then
declines to a min.
Prior to the break point, Cl2 residual is a combined residual.
After the break point, there is no ammonia left to react with Cl 2.

Break- point chlorination

When Cl2 is added to water, it is consumed to oxidise various organic
compounds in water & that represents initial Cl2 demand.
Then Cl2 reacts with NH3 to from combined chlorine residual.
With addition of Cl2, combined Cl2 residual reaches a max. value & further
addition of Cl2 causes a decrease in combined residual.
This is called Break-point Chlorination.
At this point, Chloramines are oxidised to N2 gas.
After break point chlorination is reached, free chlorine residual develops @ the
same rate as that of applied dose.

Drinking Water Treatment Flow Diagram

pH
Chlorine
Chlorine Dioxyde

Water Supply System

Water Distribution Systems
The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate
quality, quantity and pressure.

 Distribution Reservoirs
Distribution reservoirs, also called service reservoirs, are
the storage reservoirs, which store the treated water for
supplying water in hourly fluctuations for the normal
water demand.

Types of Reservoirs
Underground reservoirs.
Small ground level reservoirs.
Large ground level reservoirs.
Overhead tanks.

Water Storage
Pumped to Storage Tank
Storage
Water pressure
o psi
o 1 psi = 2.31 feet of water

Layouts of Distribution Network

The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements, and as such
their layouts generally follow the layouts of roads. There are, in general, four
different types of pipe networks; They are:
Dead End System
Grid Iron System
Ring System
Radial System

Pipe Network Analysis

Analysis of water distribution system includes
determining quantities of flow and head losses in
the various pipe lines, and resulting residual
pressures.
In any pipe network, the following two conditions
must be satisfied:
The algebraic sum of pressure drops around a
closed loop must be zero, i.e. there can be no
discontinuity in pressure.
The flow entering a junction must be equal to the
flow leaving that junction; i.e. the law of continuity
must be satisfied.

Water Distribution System

Consists of water lines,
fittings, valves, service lines,
meters, and fire hydrants
Loop system more desirable
than branch system
Isolation valves
Water flows in more than
one direction

LOOP
SYSTEM

BRANCH
SYSTEM

Water Distribution System

Typical new system pipe
Thermoplastic or ductile iron
Reinforced concrete in larger mains
Older system pipe
Cast-iron or asbestos cement
Typical distribution pressure of 65 75 psi
Designed for less than 150 psi

wikimedia

Water Treatments Overview

Municipal & Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater Treatment
The liquid waste- wastewater is essentially the water supply of the
community after it has been used in a variety of applications
Wastewater may be defined from the standpoint of sources of generation
as a combination of the liquid or water-carried wastes removed from
institution, commercial and industrial establishments

Purpose:
To manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries
to reduce the threat of water pollution.

Sewage

Sewage is waste water from a community, containing solid and

liquid excreta, derived from houses, street and yard washings,
factories and industries. It resembles dirty water with an unpleasant
smell.
Sewage consist of about 99.9% water and 0.1 % solids, the solids are
either organic or inorganic. The organic solids consist of about 65%
protein, 25% carbohydrate and 10% fats.

66

 Sullage:
The term sullage is applied to waste water
which does not contain human excreta, e.g.,
waste water from kitchens and bathrooms

67

How do we quantify water pollution?

BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand
COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand
DO - Dissolved Oxygen Levels
TKN - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Pathogen Levels (Coliforms)
NO3-N - Nitrate nitrogen
Suspended Solids
Aquatic Organisms or lack of (algae, fish, etc.)
Heavy Metals
Toxicity

Wastewater Characteristics

Wastewater Treatment

Pre-treatment
Preliminary treatment
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Sludge (biosolids) disposal

Wastewater Treatment
Water discharged from homes,
businesses, and industry enters
sanitary sewers
Water from rainwater on streets
enters storm water sewers
Combined sewers carry both
sanitary wastes and storm water

Wastewater Treatment
Water moves toward the
wastewater plant primarily by
gravity flow
Lift stations pump water from
low lying areas over hills

Municipal & Industrial Water Treatment Flow Diagram

Municipal & Industrial Water Treatment Flow Diagram

Municipal & Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Municipal & Industrial Water Treatment Flow Diagram

Turbidity
pH

Wastewater Treatment
Preliminary Treatment
- removes large objects and
non-degradable materials
- protects pumps and
equipment from damage
- bar screen and grit chamber

Wastewater Treatment
Bar Screen
- catches large
objects that have
gotten into sewer
system such as
bricks, bottles,
pieces of wood,
etc.

Wastewater Treatment
Grit Chamber
- removes rocks, gravel, broken
glass, etc.
Mesh Screen
- removes domestic items, combs,
towels, plastic bags, syringes, etc.

Wastewater Treatment
Preliminary Treatment

Wastewater Treatment
Measurement and sampling at the
inlet structure
- a flow meter continuously records
the volume of water entering the
treatment plant
- water samples are taken for
determination of suspended solids
and B.O.D.

Municipal & Industrial Water Treatment Flow Diagram

Sludge
Level

Sludge Conc.

Wastewater Treatment
Suspended Solids the quantity of
solid materials floating in the water
column
B.O.D. = Biochemical Oxygen Demand
- a measure of the amount of oxygen
required to aerobically decompose
organic matter in the water

Wastewater Treatment
Measurements of Suspended Solids
and B.O.D. indicate the effectiveness
of treatment processes
Both Suspended Solids and B.O.D.
decrease as water moves through
the wastewater treatment processes

Wastewater Treatment
Primary Treatment
-- a physical process
-- wastewater flow is slowed down
and suspended solids settle to the
bottom by gravity
-- the material that settles is called
sludge or biosolids

Wastewater Treatment
Primary Treatment

Wastewater Treatment
Sludge from the primary
sedimentation tanks is pumped
to the sludge thickener.
- more settling occurs to
concentrate the sludge prior to
disposal

Biological Treatment
In the case of domestic wastewater treatment,
the objective of biological treatment is:
To stabilize the organic content
To remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus

Types:
Aerobic Processes
Anaerobic Processes
Combined AerobicAnaerobic Processes
Pond Processes

Attached Growth
Suspended Growth
Combined Systems

Aerobic
Facultative
Anaerobic

Wastewater Treatment
Primary treatment reduces the suspended
solids and the B.O.D. of the wastewater.
From the primary treatment tanks water is
pumped to the ASP/trickling filter for
secondary treatment.
Secondary treatment will further reduce
the suspended solids and B.O.D. of the
wastewater.

Treatment stages - Secondary

treatment
Degrade biological content (dissolved
organic matter) of the sewage
Ex: human waste, food waste, soaps,
detergent

Added bacteria and protozoa into sewage

3 different approaches
Fixed film system
Suspended film system
Lagoon system

Three approaches
Fixed Film Systems
grow microorganisms on substrates such as
rocks, sand or plastic
wastewater is spread over the substrate
Ex: Trickling filters, rotating biological
contactors

Trickling filters bed

Spread wastewater
over microorganism
made of coke
(carbonised coal),
limestone chips or
specially fabricated
plastic media
Optimize their
thickness by insect or
worm grazing

Attached Growth or Fixed Film Reactors

Trickling Filters

Rock Media

Typically 4 8 feet deep.

Trickling Filters
With time, the slime layer
becomes thicker and thicker until
oxygen and organic matter can not
penetrate to the organisms on the
inside.

The organisms on the inside then

die and become detached from the
media, causing a portion of the
slime layer to slough off.

This means the effluent from a

trickling filter will have lots of solids
(organisms) in it which must be
removed by sedimentation

Stone Media Trickling Filter

93

Stone-Media Trickling Filters

Major components
Rotary distributor
Underdrain system
Filter media (5-7 depth)

Most common media is crushed rock, slag

or field stone (3-5 in dia.)
Media must be durable, insoluble and
resistant to spalling
94

Stone-Media Trickling Filters

Some ww is recycled to the filter
Two-stage consists of 2 filters in series
(with or w/o an intermediate clarifier)
Second filter is less efficient since food
concentration is less
BOD removal is influenced by temp.

95

Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs)

In trickling filters the moving
wastewater passes over the
stationary rock media. In an
RBC, the moving media
passes through the
stationary wastewater.

Commonly used out in

series and parallel

 Suspended Film Systems

stir and suspend microorganisms in
wastewater
settled out as a sludge
pumped back into the incoming wastewater
Ex: Activated sludge, extended aeration

Suspended Growth Processes

Activated Sludge

Designed based on loading

(the amount of organic
matter added relative to the
microorganisms available)
Commonly called the foodto-microorganisms ratio,
F/M
F measured as BOD.
M -measured as volatile
suspended solids
concentration
F/M is the pounds of
BOD/day per pound of
MLSS in the aeration tank

Activated sludge
mixed community of microorganisms
Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria may
exist
Biological floc is formed

Wastewater Treatment
Secondary Treatment

Aeration
Diffused Aeration
Coarse Bubble
Fine Bubble

Mechanical Aeration

Municipal & Industrial Water Treatment Flow Diagram

Dissolved
Oxygen

Turbidity/SS
Organics (COD, BOD, TOC)

Dissolved
Oxygen

Ammonia
Nitrate

Phosphorus

Municipal & Industrial Water Treatment Flow Diagram

Sludge
Level

Turbidity/SS
Organics (COD, BOD, TOC)
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorus

Sludge Conc.

Sludge Conc.

Municipal & Industrial Water Treatment Flow Diagram

Chlorine

Municipal & Industrial Water Treatment Flow Diagram

Suspended Solids (SS)