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Copperbelt University, ST
August, 2010
Intended Contents
Gas
Turbine
Steam
Turbine
Combined
Cycles
Gas Turbine Engine Pressure Ratio
2
Albert Einstein
3
Freeman
Gas Turbines
So,
Carnot
Animation
http://www.cs.sbcc.net/~physics/flash/heate
ngines/Carnot%20cycle.html
10
Carnot
Animation
http://www.cs.sbcc.net/~physics/flash/heate
ngines/Carnot%20cycle.html
11
Carnot Animation
http://www.cs.sbcc.net/~physics/flash/heaten
gines/Carnot%20cycle.html
12
13
Real Engines
Heat
14
Real Engines
Most
What is Work?
Efficiency
16
output.
The Work Output can mean different things to
different folks
Work to turn a shaft . electric generator, ship
propulsion, helicopter rotor,
Turboprop engine, Abrams A1A tank, Automotive
propulsion,
Thrust efficiency @ NASA, etc
17
Vertical Takeoff
Gulf War / Iraq / Afghanistan
US Marines / UK Royal Air Force / Italy
Spain
18
Plant:
Thrust
= 21,750 lb
Max payload for vertical take off ~9,000 lb
Max payload for short take off ~17,000 lb
Max speed ~ Mach 0.98
19
20
Gas Turbine
21
Small
Light Weight
Balanced Operation
No Oil
More Reliable
22
23
24
petrol
Gas
Coal
Residuals
Gasified
coal
Nuclear
Bio,
25
renewable
All other
erosion
Turbine corrosion
Fuel oxidizer
Stochiometric temperature
26
exchanger
Gear
Flow
27
divider
Flow unifier
Nozzle
shaft
Free load turbine
Two spool
Three spool
Separate units
Variable geometry
Several combustors and heat exchangers
28
heating
Higher max temp
Cooling possible
Liquid compression
Closed system
29
Liquid
compression
Closed system
compression work
Increase expansion work
Reduce outlet heat loss
Improve thermodynamics
Inter-cooling
Reheat
Heat exchanger
30
Engines
Straight jet
Turbofan
Turboprop
Helicopter
Pump
units
Compressor units
Naval or Marine Engines
31
Peak load
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
Base load CC, CHP
Not
32
Generation
Trucks
Trains
jets 500-5000 h
jets 5000-20000 h
Stationary
33
GT >100000 h
0.5
20
34
- 10 MW vehicle
60%Combined cycle
Brayton Cycle
The
35
36
Brayton Cycle
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Brayton Components
44
45
Brayton Cycle
Air
46
Brayton Cycle
At
47
48
50
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
Turbojet Systems
59
Turbojet Systems
Output
60
Turbojet Systems
And
General
Original
61
62
He
64
Whittles Contributions
Frank
65
66
67
Turbojet Operation
Output
68
69
Turbofan
Exhaust
70
71
72
Turbofan Operation
73
Turbofan Operation
74
75
76
Turboprop Operation
77
Turboprop Operation
Actually
79
Ramjet Engine
80
Ramjet Engines
Air-breathing
Scramjet Engines
82
Scramjet Engines
Supersonic
83
84
Rocket Engine
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
97
98
10
Rankine Efficiency
Efficiencies
10
Rankine Efficiency
Here
10
Rankine Efficiency
Modern
10
10
10
The
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
Pressurized : T = 350 C
Boiling : T = 400-500 C
Gas Cooled R: T = 600-800 C
High Temperature GR T > 800 C
11
11
11
Combined Cycles
Recent
11
Combined Cycle
11
12
Wrap up
Any
more worries
God help u
12