Chemistry Project

File

By:Prithu Jain (S6 D)

Modern School,
Barakhamba Road

Certificate:
Name: Prithu Jain
Class: S6 D (XI D)
This is to certify that this is the bonafide work of the above mentioned student in the
Chemistry Laboratory during the academic year 2013 14.

Teachers Signature
Date:

Acknowledgement:
I would like to thank my Chemistry Teacher Mr. U.C. Rastogi for his sincerest support in
making this project. I would also like to mention the special help provided by Mr. Sachin,
our Chemistry Laboratory Assistant, without whom making this project would have been
impossible.

Index:
Introduction
Aim
Apparatus Required
Theory
Procedure
Observations
Result
Precautions
Sources of Errors
Bibliography

Introduction:
Toothpaste is a paste orgel dentifrice used with a toothbrush as an accessory to
clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to
promote oral hygiene: it serves as an abrasive that aids in removing the dental
plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers active
ingredients (most commonly fluoride) to help prevent tooth and gum disease
(gingivitis). Most of the cleaning is achieved by the mechanical action of the
toothbrush, and not by the toothpaste. Salt and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
are among materials that can be substituted for commercial toothpaste. Toothpaste
is not intended to be swallowed due to the fluoride content, but is generally not
very harmful if accidentally swallowed in small amounts; however, one should
seek medical attention after swallowing abnormally large amounts.
Every toothpaste contains the following ingredients: binders, abrasives, ubsers,
humectants, flavors, sweeteners, fluorides, tooth whiteners, a preservative and
water. Binders thicken toothpaste- they prevent separation of the solid and liquid
component, especially storage. They also affect the speed and volume of foam
production, rate of flavor release and product dispersal, the appearance of
toothpaste ribbon on the toothbrush. Some binders are gum solid alignate, methyl
cellulose, carrageen and magnesium aluminum silicate.

The cleansing effect of toothpastes depends on their abrasive agent content. However, too
much abrasivity can cause dentin abrasion, tooth hypersensitivity, esthetic problems and
eventually damage to the masticatory system. This condition is manifested more severely in
cases with gingival recession and exposure of root surface into the oral cavity. Abrasivity,
fluoride release rate, compatibility of the released fluoride with other toothpaste ingredients
and cleaning ability are among the most important criteria for toothpastes and presence of
optimal concentration of each ingredient in toothpaste makes it ideal. The most important
component of toothpaste is Yaghini, et al 275 its abrasive agent.
The abrasiveness of toothpastes depends on the hardness, size and shape of abrasive
particles. Abrasives are divided into 5 major categories of carbonates, phosphates, silica,
aluminum and organic abrasives. The important point about them is that they have to be
compatible with fluoride ion.

Aim:
To check the ions present in different toothpastes listed below:
Colgate
Close-Up

Apparatus Required:
Beakers
Conical Flasks
Test Tubes
Heating Arrangements
Different Toothpaste Samples
Magnesium Sulphate Solution
Ammonium Hydroxide Solution
Ammonium Chloride
Magnesia Mixture
Dil. HCl
Oxalic Acid
Water

Theory:
In addition to 2042% water, toothpastes are derived from a variety of components,
the three main ones being abrasives, fluoride, and detergents.

Abrasives
Abrasives constitute at least 50% of typical toothpaste. These insoluble particles help
remove plaque from the teeth. The removal of plaque and helps minimize cavities
and periodontal disease. Representative abrasives include particles of aluminum
hydroxide (Al(OH)3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), various calcium hydrogen
phosphates, various silicas and zeolites, and hydroxyapatite (Ca 5(PO4)3OH).
Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in dentists' offices, also cause a
small amount of enamel erosion which is termed "polishing" action. Some brands
contain powdered white mica, which acts as a mild abrasive, and also adds a
cosmetically pleasing glittery shimmer to the paste. The polishing of teeth removes
stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve dental health over and
above the effects of the removal of plaque and calculus.

Fluorides
Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in toothpaste to prevent cavities.
Fluoride occurs in small amounts in plants, animals, and some natural water sources. The
additional fluoride in toothpaste has beneficial effects on the formation of dental enamel and
bones. Sodium fluoride (NaF) is the most common source of fluoride, but stannous fluoride
(SnF2), olaflur (an organic salt of fluoride), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na 2PO3F) are
also used. Stannous fluoride has been shown to be more effective than sodium fluoride in
reducing the incidence of dental carries and controlling gingivitis.
Much of the toothpaste sold in the United States has 1000 to 1100 parts per million fluorides. In
European countries, such as the UK or Greece, the fluoride content is often higher; a NaF of
0.312% w/v (1,450 ppm fluoride) is not uncommon.

Surfactants
Many, although not all, toothpastes contain sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) or
related surfactants (detergents). SLS is found in many other personal care products, as well,
such as shampoo, and is mainly a foaming agent, which enables uniform distribution of
toothpaste, improving its cleansing power.

Test on Colgate:
Colour of Paste White
EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Take a part of the solution and

add MgSO4 solution.

Formation of white ppt.

CO3 confirmed

Take a part of solution and

add ammonium hydroxide.

Formation of white ppt.

Ca confirmed

Take a part of solution and

add magnesia mixture
(mixture of NH2Cl and
NH4OH) and allow to stand

Formation of white ppt.

PO4 confirmed.

Acidify a portion of aqueous

solution with dilute HCl. Boil
and cool and add AgNO3.

A yellow ppt. is formed which

is insoluble in NH4OH

I confirmed.

Take a small quantity of

solution and add oxalic acid

Smell like that of vinegar

CH3COO absent

Take one part of solution

No reaction

Pb absent

To one part of the solution

and add solid NH4Cl and
NH4OH in slight excess then
add ammonium phosphate.

A white ppt. is formed.

Mg absent

Prepare the paste of it with

few drops of water rub and
smell

IONS PRESENT: - Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3

Chemical Reactions:
1. CO3 + MgSO4 MgCO3 + SO4
(white ppt.)
2. CO3 + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O
(CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4)2C2O4 2CHCOONH4 +CaC2O4
3. NaHPO4 + MgCl2+ NH4OH Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NaCl + H2O
4. I + AgNO3 NO3 + AgI
(yellow ppt.)
5. (COOH)2 + 2CH3COONa NO REACTION
6. Pb + 2KI NO REACTION
7. MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH3)2HPO4 Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4 + H2O

Test On Close Up:

Colour of the Paste- Red Gel
EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Take a part of the solution and

add MgSO4 solution.

Formation of white ppt.

CO3 confirmed.

Take a part of solution and

add ammonium oxalic (1-2
ml) and add little ammonium
hydroxide

Formation of white ppt.

Ca confirmed.

Take a part of solution and

add magnesia mixture
(mixture of NH2Cl and
NH4OH) and allow to stand

Formation of white ppt.

PO4 confirmed

Acidify a portion of aqueous

solution with dilute HNO3.
Boil and cool and add Ag
NO3.

Formation of white ppt.

I is confirmed

Take a small quantity of

solution

Formation of white ppt.

CH3COO confirmed

To one part of the solution

add KI

Formation of white ppt.

Pb is absent

To one part of the solution

add solid NH4Cl and add
NH4OH in slight excess then
add ammonium phosphate.

Formation of white ppt.

Mg is absent

IONS PRESENT: - Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3, CH3COO

Chemical Reactions:
1. CO3 + MgSO4 MgCO3 + SO4
(white ppt.)
2. CO3 + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O
(CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4)2C2O4 2CHCOONH4 +CaC2O4
3. NaHPO4 + MgCl2 + NH4OH Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NaCl + H2O
4. I + AgNO3 NO3 + AgI
(yellow ppt.)
5. (COOH)2 + 2CH3COONa NO REACTION
6. Pb + 2KI NO REACTION
7. MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH3)2HPO4 Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4 + H2O

Conclusion:
From the observations we can see that each toothpaste has its own unique recipe of anions
that allows it to carry out its function in promoting dental health. Phosphate and fluoride
are found in large quantities. Phosphate works for tartar control, whereas fluoride is one of
the most integral elements in dental hygiene.

Precautions:
The acids should be handled with care.
Apparatus should be clean and dry.
The amount of toothpaste taken should be measured and taken in appropriate
amounts.

Sources of Error:
The water used should be distilled.
The acids should be added in proper quantity as required.
The toothpaste should not be kept outside.

Bibliography:
NCERT Chemistry Class 11th Book
Pradeeps Chemistry Class 11th Book
Google