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Bearing Capacity
foundations are designed to
transmit load from the structure they
support to the soil
foundations are generally grouped
into two categories:
A.

Shallow Foundations

B.

Deep Foundations

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Shallow Foundations
the most common (and cheapest)
type of shallow foundations are
SPREAD FOOTINGS
square spread
footings to
support individual
columns (also
circular)
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McCarthy, 6th Ed.

 Strip Footings to support wall loads

McCarthy, 6th Ed.

Rectangular and Trapezoidal Footings for

two columns (combined footing) or
machine base

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McCarthy, 6th Ed.

RAFT or MAT Foundations

McCarthy, 6th Ed.

To lower the bearing pressure and reduce

differential settlement on soils with low
bearing capacity or erratic or variable
conditions
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FLOATING Foundations

McCarthy, 6th Ed.

where deep deposits of compressible,

cohesive soil are present and piles are
impractical
buildings substructure is a combination
mat and caisson to create a rigid box
weight of earth displaced by foundation is
equal to total weight of structure, thereby
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Deep Foundations
used when soil near surface has
poor load-bearing capacity
loose soil
bedrock

they transmit load through weak

soil strata (overburden) to stronger,
load-bearing stratum (eg., bedrock,
dense sand and gravel, etc.)

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Types of Deep
Foundations

PIERS

where load-bearing stratum

no more than 5 m deep
not used much any more

McCarthy, 6th Ed.

CAISSON
S

McCarthy, 6 Ed.
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th

where overburden no
more than 8 9 m thick
replacing
piers

PILES
deep overburden more
than 8 - 9 m
thick
Various types
and placement
methods

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Craig, 6th Ed.

Structural Requirements
1. Factor of Safety against General Shear
Failure of supporting soil is normally
required to be in the range 2.5 3.0
2. Tolerable amount of settlement; in
particular, differential settlement should
not cause significant damage to
structure nor interfere with function
3. Secondary to these, during construction,
there should be no adverse affect on
adjacent structures or services
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Ultimate Bearing Capacity, qf

The least pressure that would cause shear
failure of supporting soil immediately
below and adjacent to a foundation

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Craig, 6th

modes of
General
Shear
failure:
Failure

on low compressibility (dense or stiff) soils

plastic equilibrium throughout support
and adjacent soil masses
heaving on both sides of foundation
final slip (movement of soil) on one side
only causing structure to tilt
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Local Shear Failure

on highly compressible soils

only partial development of plastic
equilibrium
only slight heaving on sides
significant compression of soil under
footing but no tilting
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Punching Shear
Failure

on loose, uncompacted soils

vertical shearing around edges of footing
high compression of soil under footing,
hence large settlements
no heaving, no tilting
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Terzaghis Theory

Craig, 6th
Ed.

strip footing of infinite length and width B

uniform surcharge, q0 on surface of
isotropic, homogeneous soil
Rankine active wedge, ABC: forces
Passive zones, ADE () & BGF ()
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Craig, 6th
Ed.

transition between :ACD & BCG

(zones or radial shear or slip fans)
above EDCGF: plastic equilibrium
below EDCGF: elastic equilibrium
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 the more general case is a footing at

depth D

Craig, 6th
Ed.

Neglecting the shear strength of the soil

above depth D implies that this soil is a
surcharge:
q 0 = D
Terzaghis general equation:
qf = 0.5BN + cNc +
Soil
DNq Self Shear
Surcharg
Contribution
Weight Strengt
e
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of:

Bearing Capacity Factors

N, Nc and Nq are bearing capacity factors
and are derived from various sources

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Craig, 6th

General Shear Failure of Footings (Ultimate

Bearing Capacity)
theory was
developed for strip
footings
to adapt to square,
circular and
rectangular
shapes, Terzaghi &
Peck developed
shape factors here
which are still
widely used today:

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q f 0.5B( N S ) c( N c S c ) DN q
N q e tan( ) tan 2 (45 2 )

N c ( N q 1) cot( )

N ( N q 1) tan(1.4 )
FOOTING
TYPE

Sc

Strip

1.0

1.0

Square

0.8

1.2

Circular

1.6

1.2

Rectangular

( BL ) 1 0.2( BL )

1 0.2

Allowable Bearing
Capacity

the allowable bearing capacity, qa is the

value used in the design of footing size
in North America, a factor of safety
against general shear failure, F is applied
to the ultimate bearing capacity, qf:

qa

qf

in Britain, F is not applied to the

surcharge: 0.5B ( S N ) c( S N )

c
c
qa
DN q
F
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Skemptons Nc Values
if undrained shear
strength
parameters are
used for the design
then a special case
arises:
since u = 0, Nq = 1
and:
q c N D
f

values of Nc are
acquired from
Skemptons
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Chart

Craig, 6th