Vocoders

The Channel Vocoder (analyzer):

The channel vocoder employs a bank of

bandpass filters,
Each

having a bandwidth between 100 HZ and 300

HZ.
Typically, 16-20 linear phase FIR filter are used.

The output of each filter is rectified and lowpass

filtered.
The

bandwidth of the lowpass filter is selected to

match the time variations in the characteristics of the
vocal tract.

For measurement of the spectral magnitudes, a

voicing detector and a pitch estimator are
included in the speech analysis.
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The Channel Vocoder (analyzer block diagram):

Rectifier

Lowpass
Filter

A/D
Converter

Bandpass
Filter

Rectifier

Lowpass
Filter

A/D
Converter

S(n)

Encoder

Bandpass
Filter

To
Channel

Voicing
detector
Pitch
detector
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The Channel Vocoder (synthesizer):

At the receiver the signal samples are passed

through D/A converters.

The outputs of the D/As are multiplied by the

voiced or unvoiced signal sources.

The resulting signal are passed through

bandpass filters.

The outputs of the bandpass filters are summed

to form the synthesized speech signal.
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The Channel Vocoder (synthesizer block diagram):

D/A
Converter

Bandpass
Filter

Channel

Decoder

From

D/A
Converter

Output
speech

Bandpass
Filter

Voicing
Information

Switch

Pitch
period

Random
Noise
generator

Pulse
generator

The Phase Vocoder :

The phase vocoder is similar to the

channel vocoder.

However, instead of estimating the pitch,

the phase vocoder estimates the phase
derivative at the output of each filter.

By coding and transmitting the phase

derivative, this vocoder destroys the phase
information .
6

The Phase Vocoder (analyzer block diagram):

cos k n

Short-term
magnitude
cos n
Lowpass
Filter
k

ak n
Differentiator

Differentiator

Lowpass
cos n
Filter
k

sin k n

bk n

Compute
Short-term
Magnitude
And
Phase
Derivative

Encoder

S(n)

sin k n

Decimator

To
Channel

Decimator
Short-term phase
derivative

The Phase Vocoder

(synthesizer block diagram, kth channel):
Decimate

Short-term
amplitude

cos k n
Channel

Decoder

From

Cos

Interpolator

Integrator
Decimate

Sin

Interpolator

Short-term
Phase

sin k n

derivative

The Formant Vocoder :

The formant vocoder can be viewed as a

type of channel vocoder that estimate the
first three or four formants in a segment of
speech.

It is this information plus the pitch period

that is encoded and transmitted to the
receiver.

The Formant Vocoder :

Example of formant:
(a)

: The spectrogram of the utterance day one

showing the pitch and the harmonic structure of
speech.
(b) : A zoomed spectrogram of the fundamental and
the second harmonic.

(a)

(b)
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The Formant Vocoder (analyzer block diagram):

F3

F3
B3

F2

F2
B2

F1

F1
B1

Input
Speech

Pitch
And

V/U
Decoder

V/U
F0
Fk :The frequency of the kth formant
Bk :The bandwidth of the kth formant
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The Formant Vocoder (

F3
B3
F2
B2
F1
B1
V/U
F0

synthesizer block diagram)

F3

F2

F1

Excitation
Signal

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Linear Predictive Coding :

The objective of LP analysis is to estimate

parameters of an all-pole model of the vocal
tract.

Several methods have been devised for

generating the excitation sequence for speech
synthesizes.

LPC-type of speech analysis and synthesis are

differ primarily in the type of excitation signal that
is generated for speech synthesis.
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LPC 10 :

This methods is called LPC-10 because of

10 coefficient are typically employed.

LPC-10 partitions the speech into the 180

sample frame.

Pitch and voicing decision are determined

by using the AMDF and zero crossing
measures.
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Residual Excited LP Vocoder :

Speech quality in speech quality can be

improved at the expense of a higher bit
rate by computing and transmitting a
residual error, as done in the case of DPCM.

One method is that the LPC model and

excitation parameters are estimated from
a frame of speech.

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Residual Excited LP Vocoder :

The speech is synthesized at the transmitter and

subtracted from the original speech signal to
form the residual error.

The residual error is quantized, coded, and

transmitted to the receiver

At the receiver the signal is synthesized by

adding the residual error to the signal generated
from the model.
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RELP Block Diagram :

S(n)

Buffer
And
window

LP

Encoder

LP
analysis

Parameters

Excitation

To
Channel

parameters
LP
Synthesis
model

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Code Excited LP :

CELP is an analysis-by-synthesis method

in which the excitation sequence is
selected from a codebook of zero-mean
Gaussian sequence.

The bit rate of the CELP is 4800 bps.

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CELP (analysis-by-synthesis coder) :

Speech samples

LP

Gaussian
Excitation
codebook

Gain

Buffer and
LP
analysis

parameters

Pitch
Synthesis
filter

Spectral
Envelope
(LP)
Synthesis filter

Side
information

+
-

Perceptual
Weighting
Filter W(z)

Compute
Index of
Energy of Error
Excitation
(square and sum)

sequence

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CELP (synthesizer) :
From
Channel

decoder

Buffer
And
controller

Gaussian
Excitation
codebook

Pitch
Synthesis
filter

LP
Synthesis
filter

LP parameters,
gain and pitch estimate
updates

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Vector Sum Excited LP :

The VSELP coder and decoder basically differ in

method by which the excitation sequence is
formed.

In next block diagram of the VSELP, there are

three excitation source.

One excitation is obtained from the pitch period

state.

The other two excitation source are obtained

from two codebook.
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Vector Sum Excited LP :

The bit rate of the VSELP is about 8000 bps.

Bit

allocations for 8000-bps VSELP

Parameters

Bits/5-ms Frame

Bits/20ms

10 LPC coefficients
Average speech energy
Excitation codewords
from two VSELP
codebooks
Gain parameters
Lag of pitch filter

38
5

14
8
7

56
32
28

Total

29

159
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VSELP Decoder :
Long-term
Filter state

0
Codebook
1

Pitch
synthesis
filter

Spectral
envelop
(LP)
synthesis
filter

Spectral Synthetic
post filter Speech

1
Codebook
2

2
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