JJ615:

MECHANICAL COMPONENT AND

MAINTENANCE
BAB 3:POWER TRANSMISSION
1)

HASAN B ABDUL LATIF CHUA

11DKM12F1058

2)

NURUL AMIRA BT AMIRUDDIN

11DKM12F1059

3)

MUHAMMAD AMIR B KUNAHAMMAD 11DKM12F1060

4)

MUHAMMAD FAEZ B MAD NOOR

11DKM12F1061

3.0 POWER TRANSMISSION

Power transmissionis the movement ofenergyfrom its

place of generation to a location where it is applied to

performing usefulwork.
Poweris defined formally as units ofenergyper unittime.

InSIunits:
Mechanical power may be transmitted directly using a solid

structure such as driveshaft; transmissiongears can adjust

the amount oftorqueorforcevs.speedin much the same
way an electrical transformer adjustsvoltagevscurret.

DRIVE MECHANISM
Gears Drive
Belt Drive
Chain Drive
Friction Drive

GEAR DRIVE: GEAR IN POWER

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
Rotating machine part having cut teeth,
mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit

torque.
Two or more gears working in tandem are called a

transmission and produce a mechanical advantage

Gear ratio and Geared devices can change the speed,

magnitude, and direction of a power source.

Non-rotating toothed part, called a rack, thereby

producing translation

APPLICATION OF GEAR.
i. Transmission
Two or more gears working in tandem are called a transmission .

Produce a mechanical advantage through a gear ratio and thus may be considered a
simple machine.

ii. Direction
Geared devices can change the speed, magnitude, and direction of a power source.

iii. Couplings
A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of

transmitting power.

Couplings do not normally allow disconnection of shafts during operation, however there
are torque limiting couplings which can slip or disconnect when some torque limit is
exceeded.

The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while

permitting some degree of misalignment or end movement or both. By careful selection,

installation and maintenance of couplings, substantial savings can be made in reduced
maintenance costs and downtime.

TYPES OF GEARS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS BASED

ON IT S FUNCTION.

SPUR GEAR

Cut Straight across

Spur gears only have one

tooth in contact at a time

Minimizes chance of
popping out of gear
Handles torque well
Used for Reverse

HELICAL GEAR
Are quieter than spur gears
Two teeth at a time contact
Has a tendency to move shaft

for and aft

Are left and right handed
Opposites on parallel shafts

 Most gears are

external. (teeth
on the outside)

Internal gear used

with pinion gears

External gear

rotates same
direction of
internal gear

External gear

rotates opposite
with another
external gear

INTERNAL GEAR
TEETH

BEVEL GEARS
Change the direction of

rotation
Spider gears are straight

cut bevel gears

Transfer motion between

two shafts at an angle to

each other

DRIVE BASE (AGMA)

TheAmerican Gear Manufacturers Associationor AGMA

is thetrade groupof companies in manufacturing gears and

gearing.
DRIVES
Internal Combustion Engine
Electric Motor
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Nature : air, water

GEAR MESHING AND

BACKLASH
in a pair ofgearsbacklash

is the amount of clearance

It is unavoidable for nearly

all reversing
mechanicalcouplings,

COUPLING CONCEPT IN
GEAR SYSTEM
Purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating

equipment while permitting some degree of misalignment.

Gears are also used to connected two nominally coaxial

shafts.
This joint allows for minor misalignments such as installation

errors and changes in shaft alignment due to operating

conditions.
Each joint consists of a 1:1gear ratiointernal/externalgear

pair.
The tooth flanks and outer diameter of the external gear are

crowned to allow for angular displacementbetween the two

gears.

GEAR MAINTENANCE PRACTICE SUCH AS DAILY

ROUTINE INSPECTION.
a. LUBRICATION
In order for a gear drive to
operate at all time, it must
be
supply
with
an
lubricant. Check the oil
level or grease and change
if necessary
c. ALIGNMENT
If the alignment of a gear
drives to the connected
load is not made carefully
the coupling may fail. The
coupling can then transmits
bending moments back into
gear drives.

d.BACKLASH
Check the backlash
of a gear drives
using filler gauge,
dial test indicator or
sheet materials.
Routine
inspection

e. GEAR TOOTH WEAR

Check
for
tooth
surface deterioration
and tooth breakage by
visual inspection

b. VIBRATIONS
In order for a gear drive to
operate satisfactory, it must
run within safe vibration
limits.
If
the
vibration
parameters
(amplitude,
velocity
or
acceleration)
change with time above a
given limit, it could also
means something is wrong.
f. TOOTH CONTACT
Apply a very thin coating of
engineers marking blue or
other marking medium. The
tooth contact will indicate the
proper gears mesh of a gear
drives to rotate smoothly.

3BELTS DRIVES
Abeltis a loop of flexible material used to link two or more

rotatingshaftsmechanically.

Applications

Transmit Power

Conveyor

own-use machinery,
rebuilt machinery,
plant pump equipment,
compressed air equipment,
and the full range of heating, ventilation,
and airconditioning systems.

TYPES OF BELT DRIVES

Open Belt Drive
In open belt drive

the two shafts

rotates in the same
direction the angle
of lap.

CROSSED BELT DRIVE

in the cross belt drives

the two shaft rotates in
opposite direction.

FLAT BELT

V BELT

TIMING BELT

BELT TENSION AND MISALIGNMENT

Belt tension
The ideal belt is that of the lowest tension which does not

slip in high loads.

Belt tensions should also be adjusted to belt type, size,

speed, and pulley diameters.

Belt tension is determined by measuring the force to deflect

the belt a given distance per inch of pulley.

Timing belts need only adequate tension to keep the belt in

contact with the pulley.

SYMPTOMS

CAUSE

CORRECTIVE
ACTION

Broken belt

Under-designed
drive

Redesign, using
Gates manual.

Belts fail to
carry load, no
visible
reason

Damaged
tensile member

Follow correct
installation
procedure.

Edge cord
failure

Pulley
misalignment

Check
alignment and
correct.

Belt delamination or
undercord
separation

Too small
sheaves

Check drive
design, replace
with
larger sheaves

SEVERE / ABNORMAL BELT

WEAR
SYMPTOMS

CAUSE

CORRECTIVE
ACTION

Wear on top surface

of belt

Rubbing against
guard

Replace or repair
guard.

Wear on top corner of Belt-to-sheave fit

belt
incorrect (belt
too small for groove)

Use correct belt-tosheave

combination.

Wear on belt
sidewalls

Retention until
slipping stops

Belt slip

BANDED (JOINED) BELT

PROBLEMS
SYMPTOMS
CAUSE
CORRECTIVE
ACTION
Tie band separation

1. Worn sheaves
2. Improper groove
spacing

1. Replace sheaves.
2. Use standard
groove sheaves

Top of tie band frayed 1. Interference with

or worn
guard
2. Backside idler
malfunction or
damaged

1. Check guard.
2. Replace or repair
backside idler

PowerBand belt
comes off drive
repeatedly

1. Clean grooves. Use

single belts
to prevent debris
from being
trapped in grooves.
2. Realign drive.

1. Debris in sheaves
2. Misalignment

BELT NOISE & UNUSUAL

SYMPTOMS
CAUSE
CORRECTIVE
VIBRATION
ACTION
Belt squeals or
chirps

1. Belt slip
2. Contamination

1. Retension.
2. Clean belts and
sheaves.

Slapping Sound

1. Loose belts
2. Mismatched set
3. Misalignment

1. Retension.
2. Install matched
belt set.
3. Realign pulleys so
all belts share
load equally.

Unusual or
excessive vibration

1. Incorrect belt
2. Poor machine or
equipment
design
3. Pulley out of round
4. Loose drive
components

1. Use correct belt

cross section in
pulley. Use correct
tooth profile
and pitch in sprocket.
2. Check structure
and brackets for
adequate strength.

SHEAVES, BELT STRETCHES

BEYOND TAKE UP PROBLEMS
SYMPTOMS

CAUSE

CORRECTIVE
ACTION

Multiple belts stretch

unequally

1. Misaligned drive
2. Debris in sheaves
3. Broken tensile
member or cord
damaged
4. Mismatched belt
set

1. Realign and
retension drive.
2. Clean sheaves.
3. Replace all belts,
install properly.
4. Install matched
belt set

Single belt, or where

all belts
stretch evenly

1. Insufficient take-up
allowance
2. Grossly overloaded
or under
designed drive
3. Broken tensile
members

1. Check take-up. Use

allowance
specified in Gates
design manuals.
2. Redesign drive.
3. Replace belt,
install properly.

V-BELT TURN OVER / JUMP

OF SHEAVES
SYMPTOMS

CAUSE

CORRECTIVE
ACTION

Involves single or
multiple belts

1. Shock loading or
vibration
2. Foreign material in
grooves
3. Misaligned sheaves
4. Worn sheave
grooves

1. Check drive
design. Use Gates
PowerBand belts or
Power
Cable belts.
2. Shield grooves and
drive.
3. Realign the
sheaves.
4. Replace sheaves.

BELT DRIVE MAINTENANCE

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE
DETAILS
Safety First

-Use OSHA approved guards

-Keep the drive completely
enclosed
-Use accessible inspection doors
or panels
-Maintain good ventilation
-Allow for easy removal and
replacement

Regular Inspections

-Critical nature of the equipment

-Drive operating cycle
-Accessibility of the equipment
-Drive operating speeds
-Environmental factors
-Temperature extremes
-Drive history

Belt Inspection

Remove the belt drive guard and

mark a point on the belt. Work
around the belt and look for
cracks, frayed spots, cuts,

Belt Alignment

Methods:
-Straight edge
-String
-Laser alignment tool

Belt Drive Installation

Remove the old belt and inspect

it for unusual wear. This process
can provide clues to a problem
with the drive. Also, inspect the
sheaves or sprockets for signs of
unusual wear.

Storage and Handling

- Store belts in a cool, dry

place protected from direct
sunlight.
Do not store belts near
equipment that generates
ozone, such as transformers
or electric motors, and keep
them away from areas where
they might be exposed to
solvents or chemicals in the
atmosphere.

DRIVE BELT MAINTENANCE

Premature belt failure
Severe or abnormal belt wear
Banded (joined) belt problem
Belt noise
Sheaves, Belt Stretches
Belt jump off

CHAIN DRIVE
Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power
passing over a sprocket, with the teeth of the gear

meshing with the holes in the links of the chain

Drive chains are most often made of metal
well-made chains may prove stronger than belts

APPLICATION OF DRIVE
CHAIN
Motorycle
Bicycle
Automobile
Transmitting power to the power
Chainsaw
forklift

TYPE OF DRIVE CHAIN

Conveyor chain (roller)
o Roller chain is the type of chain drive most commonly used for

transmission of mechanical power on many kinds of domestic.

o It consists of a series of short cylindrical rollers held together by

side links.

Function
o Can roll along the supporting surface
o Can be used as a supporting material,as roller an support the

weight.
o To support the weight of chain if trasmitted power over long

distance

TRANSMISSION CHAIN
Engineering steel chains are used in many low-

speed,high load drives

Uses a lot industrial machinery

FUNCTION
o To transmit rotary power power between shaft
o Used to lift heavy load or drag object

INVERTED TOOTH (SILENT)

Silent chains are used mostly in high speed drives.
chain always to runs in one direction

used for the camshaft drive of the mid- to largesize motorcycle engines and automobile engines

FUNCTION
o

can operate at much higher speeds than standard

chain

o The joint between link use rolling rather than

sliding contact
o Reduce the noise when the machine were running

OBSERVATION FOR
PRREVENTIVE MAINTENACE

DRIVE CHAIN MAINTAINENANCE

PROCEDURE
WHEN DISASSEMBLING OR ASSEMBLING CHAINS
The components of a chain are hardened parts. Striking these

parts may cause metal chips to break off from the chain or the
tools used resulting in personal injury. wear safety glasses to
prevent metal parts or chips from entering your eyes.