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How can culture be

identified and studied?
Culture as structured
Cross cultural communication and intercultural
communication

Culture as Transacted
Coded systems of meaning

Structure Based Cultural

Characteristics
Context
High vs. Low
Collectivism
vs.
Individualism

Time
Monochronic v.
Polychronic
Conflict
Conflict as
Opportunity
Conflict as
Destructive

Time
Monochronic cultures take
time as a linear entity,
where people focus on the
completion of a goal, and
see that goal to
completion before starting
another one.
Time is a commodity, not to
be wasted
Example cultures: US,
UK, Germany

Polychronic cultures take

time as a nonlinear entity,
wherein independent and
unconnected tasks are
tackled simultaneously.
Promptness is not
particularly important, as
long as the task gets done.
Example cultures:
France, Italy

Future and Past

Orientations
Different cultures assume that the present is
influenced either by ones goals and the future
or by past events, and fatalism or preordained
destiny tend to control to a greater extent what
happens in the present.
US: Short-term, future oriented
Asia: Long-term, distant future oriented

Western vs. Eastern

Culture
Culture and
intent varies
from region
to region.

https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?
v=dq7lgwvX92s

Context (High vs. Low)

High Context cultures place
a greater deal of
importance on the total
environment or context
where speech and
interaction take place.
Spoken word is less
important the the rest of the
context (eg. Relationship)
Example regions: Asia,
Middle East

Low Context cultures place a

greater deal of importance on
the words and the message,
requiring an organized and
well delivered presentation to
get points across, regardless
of audience.
Context takes a backseat,
strength of argument reigns
supreme
Example regions: United
States of America

Collectivism vs.
Individualism
Collectivist societies live
and exist with the ideals
and goal of benefiting
the group, rather than
the individual.
Group betterment is the
ultimate goal.
Example cultures:
Japan

Individualist societies
focus on the strengths
and accomplishments of
the individual, with the
societal benefits not in
the foreground.
Freedoms and desires are
extremely important.
Example cultures:
United States

Conflict (Opportunity vs.

Destructive)
Conflict as Opportunity cultures
tend to be individualistic.

Conflict as Destructive cultures

tend to be collectivist.

Assume the following:

Assume the following:

Conflict is a normal, useful

process.
All issues are subject to change
through negotiation.
Direct confrontation and
conciliation are valued.
Conflict is a necessary
renegotiation of an implied
contract.

Conflict is a destructive disturbance

of the peace.
The social system should not be
adjusted to meet the needs of the
members, rather the members
should adapt to the established
values.
Confrontations are destructive and
ineffective.
Disruptors should be disciplined.

Managing Conflict
Dominating: Forcing of ones will onto another to satisfy
individual desires regardless of consequences
Integrating: Combination and full realisation of opinions into
a functional, satisfying result
Compromising: Integration sans full realisation, all parties
involved give something up
Avoiding: Failure to acknowledge conflict
Obliging: Full surrender of a position to satisfy anothers.

Conflict Management
Example (Dominating)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ty62YzGryU4

Questions?