Chemical Reaction

Engineering
Tarun Kumar
13001005050
CHE-2nd year

What is
chemical
reaction
engineer
ing?

Chemistr
y
dealing
with
chemical
reactors

Chemical Reaction Engineering

Chemical
reaction
engineering
(reaction engineering or reactor
engineering) is a specialty in
chemical engineering or industrial
chemistry dealing with Chemical
Reactors.
Frequently
the
term
relates
specifically
to
catalytic
reaction systems where either
a
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous
Catalyst is present in the reactor.

Origin of Chemical Reaction

Engineering
Chemical reaction
as a discipline started in the
engineering

early 1950s under the

impulse of researchers at the
Shell Amsterdam research
center and the University of
Delft. The term chemical
reaction engineering was
apparently coined by J.C.
Vlugter while preparing the
1st European Symposium on
Chemical
Reaction
Engineering which was held
in Amsterdam in 1957.

Chemical reaction
engineering aims at
studying and
optimizing chemical
reactions in order to
define the best
reactor design.
Hence, the
interactions of flow
phenomena, mass
transfer, heat
transfer, and
reaction kinetics are
of prime importance
in order to relate
reactor performance
to feed composition
and operating
conditions.

AIM of
C.R.E

Reaction Rate
The reaction rate (rate of
reaction) or speed of
reaction for a reactant or
product in a particular
reaction is intuitively defined
as how fast or slow a reaction
takes place. For example, the
oxidative rusting of iron under
Earth Atmosphere is a slow
reaction that can take many
years, but the combustion of
cellulose in a fire is a
reaction that takes place in
fractions of a second.

Iron
Rusti
ng
Iron
Rusting has
a low
reaction
rate

Wood
Combust
ion
Wood
combustion
has a high
reaction
rate. This
process is
fast.

Rate of Reaction
The rate of reaction, r, is defined
to be the slope of the
concentration-time plot for a
species divided by the
stoichiometric coefficient of that
species. Additionally, if the
species is a reactant, the
negative value of the slope is
used, because the slope is

Reaction Types
Catalysis Reaction
First Order Reaction
Second Order Reaction
Zero Order Reaction
Homogeneous Reaction
Heterogeneous Reaction

First Order Reaction

If a reaction rate depends on a single reactant
and the value of the exponent is one, then the
reaction is said to be first order. In organic
chemistry, the class of SN1 (nucleophilic
substitution unimolecular) reactions consists
of first-order reactions. For example, in the
reaction of aryldiazonium ions with
nucleophiles in aqueous solution ArN2+ + X
ArX + N2, the rate equation is r =
k[ArN2+], where Ar indicates an aryl group.

Second Order
Reaction
A reaction is said to be second order when
the overall order is two. The rate of a
second-order reaction may be proportional
to one concentration squared , or (more
commonly) to the product of two
concentrations . r =k[A][B] As an example
of the first type, the reaction NO2 + CO
NO + CO2 is second-order in the reactant
NO2 and zero order in the reactant CO.

Zero Order Reaction

For zero-order reactions, the reaction rate is
independent of the concentration of a
reactant, so that changing its concentration
has no effect on the speed of the reaction.
This is true for many enzyme-catalyzed
reactions, provided that the reactant
concentration is much greater than the
enzyme concentration which controls the rate.
For example, the biological oxidation of
ethanol to acetaldehyde by the enzyme liver
alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) is zero order in
ethanol.

Homogeneous
Reaction
In homogenous reaction
all the
components/reactants
taking part in the reaction
form one single phase, with
the reaction occurring in
the bulk of this system.

Heterogeneous
Reaction
In heterogeneous reaction all the
components/reactants taking
part in the reaction are in
different phases, with the
reaction occurring between the
delimiting surface of the
components/reactants.

Reactor
s Used
Followin
g
reactors
are:-

The Batch reactor is the

generic term for a type of
vessel widely used in the
process industries. A
typical batch reactor
consists of a tank with an
agitator and integral
heating/cooling system.
These vessels may vary in
size from less than 1 litre
to more than 15,000
litres. They are usually
fabricated in steel,
stainless steel, glass lined
steel, glass or exotic alloy
Liquids and solids are
usually charged via
connections in the top
cover of the reactor.
Vapors and gases also
discharge through
connections in the top.
This is particularly useful
when processing toxic or
highly potent compounds.

Batch
Reactor

Semibatch (semiflow)
reactors operate much like
batch reactors in that they
take place in a single stirred
tank with similar equipment.
However, they are modified
to allow reactant addition
and/or product removal in
time. A normal batch reactor
is filled with reactants in a
single stirred tank at time=0
and the reaction proceeds. A
semibatch reactor, however,
allows partial filling of
reactants with the flexibility
of adding more as time
progresses.

Semi-batch Reactor

Continuous Stirred-Tank
Reactor
The continuous flow stirred-tank
reactor (CSTR), also known as
vat- or backmix reactor, is a
common ideal reactor type in
chemical engineering. A CSTR
often refers to a model used to
estimate the key unit operation
variables when using a continuous
agitated-tank reactor to reach a
specified output.The CISTR model
is often used to simplify
engineering calculations and can
be used to describe research
reactors. In practice it can only be
approached, in particular in
industrial size reactors.

Plug Flow Reactor

The plug flow reactor (PFR,
sometimes called continuous
tubular reactor, CTR, or
piston flow reactors) is a
model used to describe
chemical reactions in
continuous, flowing systems
of cylindrical geometry. The
PFR model is used to predict
the behaviour of chemical
reactors of such design, so
that key reactor variables,
such as the dimensions of the
reactor, can be estimated.

Thanks