Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
IONIC BONDS
COVALENT BONDS
HYDROGEN BONDS
METALLIC BONDS
IONIC BONDING
IONIC BONDING
IS THE COMPOUND
AN IONIC COMPOUND?
METAL
NONMETAL
SUBSCRIPTS
IONIC BONDING
Metals will tend to lose electrons
and become
POSITIVE CATIONS
IONIC BONDING
Nonmetals will tend to gain
electrons and become
NEGATIVE ANIONS
gains an electron
IONIC BONDING
POLYATOMIC IONS--a group
of atoms that act like one ion
NH4+1--ammonium ion
CO3-2--carbonate ion
PO4-3--phosphate ion
IONIC BONDING
SODIUM SULFATE
Crystalline structure
The
POSITIVE
CATIONS
stick to the
NEGATIVE
ANIONS, like
a magnet.
+
+
- - +
+ + - + - +
- + - +
Do they Conduct?
Conducting electricity is allowing
charges to move.
In a solid, the ions are locked in place.
Ionic solids are insulators.
When melted, the ions can move
around.
Melted ionic compounds conduct.
First get them to 800C.
Dissolved in water they conduct.
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+ - + - +
+ - + - + - +
COVALENT BONDING
COVALENT BOND
FORMATION
COVALENT BONDING
IS THE COMPOUND
A COVALENT COMPOUND?
NONMETAL
NONMETAL
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
F F
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
F F
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
F F
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
Both end with full orbitals
F F
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
Both end with full orbitals
F F
8 Valence
electrons
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
Both end with full orbitals
8 Valence
electrons
F F
Water
H
O
Water
Put the pieces together
The first hydrogen is happy
The oxygen still wants one more
HO
Water
The second hydrogen attaches
Every atom has full energy levels
HO
H
Carbon dioxide
C
O
Carbon dioxide
Attaching 1 oxygen leaves the oxygen 1
short and the carbon 3 short
CO
Carbon dioxide
OC O
Carbon dioxide
O CO
Carbon dioxide
O CO
Carbon dioxide
O CO
Carbon dioxide
O C O
Carbon dioxide
O C O
Carbon dioxide
O C O
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
Requires two double bonds
Each atom gets to count all the atoms
in the bond
O C O
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
Requires two double bonds
Each atom gets to count all the atoms
in the bond
8 valence
electrons
O C O
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
Requires two double bonds
Each atom gets to count all the atoms
in the bond
8 valence
electrons
O C O
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
Requires two double bonds
Each atom gets to count all the atoms
in the bond
8 valence
electrons
O C O
Examples
HCN
Put in single bonds
Need 2 more bonds
Must go between C and N
HC N
HCN
Put in single bonds
Need 2 more bonds
Must go between C and N
Uses 8 electrons - 2 more to add
HC N
HCN
Put in single bonds
Need 2 more bonds
Must go between C and N
Uses 8 electrons - 2 more to add
Must go on N to fill octet
HC N
Polar Bonds
When the atoms in a bond are the same, the
electrons are shared equally.
This is a nonpolar covalent bond.
When two different atoms are connected,
the atoms may not be shared equally.
This is a polar covalent bond.
How do we measure how strong the atoms
pull on electrons?
Electronegativity
A measure of how strongly the atoms attract
electrons in a bond.
The bigger the electronegativity difference
the more polar the bond.
0.0 - 0.3 Covalent nonpolar
0.3 - 1.67 Covalent polar
>1.67 Ionic
Cl
Polar Molecules
Molecules with ends
Polar Molecules
Molecules with a positive and a negative end
Requires two things to be true
The molecule must contain polar bonds
This can be determined from differences in
electronegativity.
Symmetry can not cancel out the effects of the
polar bonds.
Must determine geometry first.
Is it polar?
HF
H2O
NH3
CCl4
CO2
Intermolecular Forces
What holds molecules to each other
Intermolecular Forces
They are what make solid and liquid molecular
compounds possible.
The weakest are called van der Waals forces there are two kinds
Dispersion forces
Dipole Interactions
depend on the number of electrons
more electrons stronger forces
Bigger molecules
Dipole interactions
Depend on the number of electrons
More electrons stronger forces
Bigger molecules more electrons
Fluorine is a gas
Bromine is a liquid
Iodine is a solid
Dipole interactions
Occur when polar molecules are attracted to
each other.
Slightly stronger than dispersion forces.
Opposites attract but not completely hooked
like in ionic solids.
Dipole interactions
Occur when polar molecules are attracted to
each other.
Slightly stronger than dispersion forces.
Opposites attract but not completely hooked
likein ionic
solids.
H F
H F
Dipole Interactions
Hydrogen bonding
Are the attractive force caused by hydrogen
bonded to F, O, or N.
F, O, and N are very electronegative so it is
a very strong dipole.
The hydrogen partially share with the lone
pair in the molecule next to it.
The strongest of the intermolecular forces.
Hydrogen Bonding
H
+
+ H O
H +
H
H
H O
H
H
H
H O
H
H O
O
H
Hydrogen bonding
MOLECULAR
SHAPES
OF
COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
VSepR tHEORY
What Vsepr
means
Things to
remember
Atoms bond to form an Octet
(8 outer electrons/full outer
energy level)
Bonded electrons take up less
space then un-bonded/unshared
pairs of electrons.
Linear
EXAMPLE:
BeF2
Number of Bonds = 2
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 2
Bond Angle = 180
Trigonal Planar
EXAMPLE:
GaF3
Number of Bonds = 3
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 3
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 0
Bond Angle = 120
Bent #1
EXAMPLE:
H2O
Number of Bonds = 2
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 2
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 2
Bond Angle = < 120
Bent #2
EXAMPLE:
O3
Number of Bonds = 2
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 2
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 1
Bond Angle = >120
Tetrahedral
EXAMPLE:
CH4
Number of Bonds = 4
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 4
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 0
Bond Angle = 109.5
Trigonal Pyramidal
EXAMPLE:
NH3
Number of Bonds = 3
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 4
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 1
Bond Angle = <109.5
Trigonal bIPyramidal
EXAMPLE:
NbF5
Number of Bonds = 5
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 5
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 0
Bond Angle = <120
OCTAHEDRAL
EXAMPLE:
SF6
Number of Bonds = 6
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 6
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 1
Bond Angle = 90
Metallic Bonds
How atoms are held together in
the solid.
Metals hold onto there valence
electrons very weakly.
Think of them as positive ions
floating in a sea of electrons.
Sea of Electrons
Electrons are free to move through the
solid.
Metals conduct electricity.
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
Malleable
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
Malleable
Electrons allow atoms to slide by.
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +