EMBRYOLOGY

Spermatogenesis
Definition: formation of the sperm at the testis .
Duration : from puberty till death ..

Steps : 1)
1) proliferation : the spermatogonium divides by
mitosis to increase and form daughter cell .
2) growth : daughter spermatogonium enlarge and form
primary spermatocyte contain 46 (44 +xy chromosome ) diploid no..
3) maturation : a) first maturation division ( meiosis ) of the primary
spermatocyte to form two secondary spermatocyte 23( 22x or 22y)
chromosome which is the haploid number .
b) second maturation division : is the division of the secondary sparmatocyte by mitosis into two spermatids each contain haploid number 23
4) transformation of the spermatid into sperm ( spermiogenisis ) .
The sperm maturate at the epididymis and stored at ampulla of vas deferens .
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lecture notes
general embryology
Prof. Ezz Eldin
year 1
USIM

SPERM
Sperm : 45-50 um in length.
1)Head: formed by covered nucleus of spermatid
2) Acrosomal cap : formed by Golgi complex .
3) Neck : Formed by two centrioles that gives axial
filament .
3)Middle piece( body) : mitochondrial sheath around
the axial filament .
4)tail(axial filament). Is responsible for motility of sperm
N.B: THE SPERM STORED AT VAS DEFERENS
THE SPERM COUNT : 300-600 MILLION PER EJACULATE

THE SPERM CONTAINS HABLOID

NUMBER OF CHROMOSOME 22X
OR 22Y

Oogenesis: 46(44xx).
Definition : is formation of ovum inside ovary
Duration : from puberty till menopause 45-50 year
Steps :
1) Oogonium : by proliferate by mitosis and then grow to form daughter
cells give Primary oocyte (46 chromosome ,44xx) diploid number .
2)Primary oocyte by first maturation (meiotic) division at the puberty
gives secondary oocyte (23chromosome) Contains 22 autosome and one
X sex chromosome). and first polar body smaller cells also23,( 22+x) .
3) Secondary oocyte by second maturation( mitotic) division gives one
Ovum and three second polar bodies that extruded into vitelline space

This second maturation division occurs after fertilization .

Development of Graffian follicle

1)The primary oocyte inside the ovary surrounded by
follicular cells from the ovarian tissue forming
primordial follicle at birth there are million .
2) Multiple small cavities develops between
the follicular cells , then these cavities fuse to form
one single cavity follicular antrum contains fluid.
3) The secondary oocyte pushed to one side
and surrounded by follicular cells form the
cumulus oophorous .
4) The rest of the cells surround the large cavity
as one or two layers called stratum granulosum.
5) The follicle surrounded by connective tissue from the ovary
that form a capsule known theca folloiculi .

Section at the ovary

Stages of formation of Graffian follicle

Graffian follicle

Ovulation
Definition : is rupture of the Graffian follicle and liberation of the ovum .
Causes : 1)the pituitary hormones FSH and LH causes growth of the follicle and
the fluid pressure inside it increases .
2) at 14-15th day of the menstrual cycle the Graffian follicle rupture
and the ovum escape into the peritoneal cavity to reach the fallopian tube .
3) at the fallopian tube the ovum live only for 24 -36 hour and become ready for
fertilization after that it dies .
Fate of ruptured follicle: a) if fertilization occur it grow into corpus luteum that
secrete progesterone hormone necessary for pregnancy .
b) if no pregnancy happens the ruptured follicle atrophied
and form fibrosed body called corpus albicans

OVUM
OVUM:
1)Corona radiata: outer cellular layer
2) Zona pellucid a: non cellular layer that Allow
only one sperm to enter (zonal Block) and prevent
sticking of ovum to the wall of uterine tube .
3) Previtelline space: separate the zona from
vitelline membrane. The polar bodies extruded
at this space .
4)Vittelline membrane : the cell membrane
it form vittelline block that prevent entry
of any other sperm .
5) The nucleus form the female pronucleus.

Fertilization
Definition: meeting of the ovum and sperm
To form the zygote.
Site : at the lateral part of fallopian tube
METHOD :1)Penetration of the head of sperm
that form the male pronucleus
2)The nucleus of ovum form female Pronucleus .
3) Male and female pronuclear
fuse to form the zygote .

Results of fertilization :
a) Restore diploid number of
Chromosomes 46 (44XX OR 44XY).
b) Determination of sex .
c) Start cell maturation division .
d) Transmit hereditary characters.

mitosis
Cell cleavage

Cell division

Cell division and segmentation

Occurs at fallopian tube :
1)16 cell stage known as morula.
2) Then 60 cell stage of division
3) Then a cavity develop called
Blastocele and the cell are divided
Into 5 form inner cell mass and the
Lining 55 form trophoblast .
Such vesicle called blastocyst that
Descend into the uterine cavity at 5th
Day for implantation .

Formation of blastocyst
The blastocyst formed of :
1) 5 cells ( inner cell mass ) that
form all the layers of the embryo .
2) Blastocele cavity :
3) 55 trophoblastic cells lining
the cavity ( they form the basis
for foundation of the placenta).

Implantation
Definition: is the process of embedding of the fertilized ovum at the wall of uterus.
Stage of implantation : the stage of blastocyst .
Site of implantation : at the upper part of the posterior wall of the uterus near
the fundus close to the midline from the 6th to 10 day .

Method of implantation : 1) the blastocyst enter the uterine cavity from the
fallopian tube at the 5th day after fertilization .
2) then the blastocyst loss its zona pellucida and is ready for implantation.
3) the embryonic pole ( at the side of inner cell mass ) is the first part
to touch the uterine wall ( endometrium ) .
4) it secretes histolytic enzymes by trophoblastic cells to penetrate the
wall of the uterus .
5) the last part that enter called abembryonic pole .
6) the site of the entry is closed by fibrin plug .

Formation of the germ layers

Differentiation of endoderm and ectoderm

And appearance of the amniotic cavity

Bilaminar germ disc

Trilaminar germ disc

Intraembryonic mesoderm