Experimental Stress Analysis

Moire Fringes
MEC 445

Mechanical Engineering
Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham

Grid Method
Grid method is one of the oldest methods of strain analysis.
These are whole- field in nature.
A grid can be engraved on the surface to be studied.
This grid act as reference element.
For large deformations this works good.

Moir
To simplify strain measurement,
sometimes circles are marked in
between the grating lines.
The major and minor axis of the
deformed ellipse coincide with
the principal strain directions at
the point of interest
We also find the stretch
direction

Moir

Moir
Instead of using only one set of grid, if
the specimen grid is viewed through
another grid Moir fringes are seen
We have a specimen which is having
a grid.
Viewing through another grid.
Master grating( horizontal)
Specimen grating (vertical)

Moir
The moir fringes are spaced broadly
indicating a magnifying effect to
measure small deformations that
cause the formation of these fringes
The fineness of the grid spacing
determines the accuracy obtainable in
moir
Fringes belong to u displacement or v
displacement

Moir
Master grating direction
horizontal- Vertical
displacement
Master grating direction is
vertical- horizontal
displacement

Moir
How to record both the
information simultaneously?
In Moir its easy to understand
displacements.
Crossed grating is provided for
getting both u and v
displacements together.

Moir
The reduction of grid line spacing was one of the challenges in
the development of moir.
As the grating density is increased, diffraction effects come into
play
Use of gratings up to 40 lines/mm(displacement resolution 25m)
come under geometric moir and beyond this analysis is possible
with moir interferometry.
Moir can be applied for large strain problems
Strain sensitivity can be improved with high density gratings.

Moir
Grating of the order of 2400 lines/mm is now possible in moire
interferometry and with this one can measure a displacement of
0.417 m
This is still large!.
Strain gauge gives a point by point information but capable of
dealing up to 1 strain.
In moir we get a whole- field information
Several variants of geometric moir are in practice. Shadow
moir, reflection moir, projection moir etc.

Moir
Moir interferometry is applicable for measurement of in-plane
displacements of planar surface. A specimen grating always needs
to be bonded to the specimen surface for measurement.
Moir interferometry has played a key role in understating the
thermal stresses introduced in electronic packages and also the
displacement fields in composites laminates.
One of the advantages of moir is its simple interpretation of the
fringes seen
The determination of displacement component is simple as
specific optical arrangements are available for finding u, v, and w.

 The contours has special names

In moir these contours are called as Isothetics.
U displacement Isothetics, V displacement Isothetics etc

 Strain gauges is able to find out strains at a particular location.

If we have a known situation about the area of maximum stress
concentration we can find out the strains comfortably.
In some cases we have a large industrial problem, where the
component is so huge and we have no clue how to get started on the
problem
In such cases the brittle coating is the first step.

Brittle Coatings
In this technique a thin coat of material that fails in a brittle fashion is
sprayed onto the specimen
The specimen is loaded in stages and after every increment of the
load, the cracks that have formed on the surface is carefully noted.
The accuracy of the technique will be a function of the property of the
coating that is sprayed on the specimen.
If the coating fails at lower value of strain its better.
In this method the load is applied I an incremental fashion.

Brittle Coatings

Brittle Coating method is used to fid out the principal stress direction.

The crack indicate the principal stress direction.

The coating material is failed in a brittle fashion.

Isoentatic patterns are used to find out the quantitative assessments of the stresses
developed.

Combination of strain gauges and brittle coating technique has lot of advantages.

We know the principal stress directions from Isostatics.

By this we can reduce the number of channels in strain gauge implementation.

Brittle Coatings
The principal stress direction at a point of interest is tangential to
the crack at that point.
The failure strain of the coating decides the minimum strain that the
technique can detect.
Poisson's ratio plays a crucial role in all coating techniques.
Mismatches in poisons ratio can create errors.
The failure behavior of the coating strongly depends on the
environment and adequate precautions are needed while conducting
the experiment.