Transmission Lines as

Components of Power System

How Electricity is delivered to us?

1-When electricity leaves a power plant

2- its voltage is increased at a “step-up” substation
3- Next, the energy travels along a transmission line to the area where the power is needed
4- Once there, the voltage is decreased or “stepped-down,” at another substation
5- and a distribution power line carries the
6- electricity until it reaches a home or business areas.
 The Power System
Basic Components of Power system:
Modern Power systems are made up of
three distinct system:
 Generation System
 Transmission System
 Distribution System
 The Power System
Generation System:
The generation system includes the main parts
of the power plants such as turbines and
generators. Most of the energy resources are
combustible, nuclear or hydro. The burning of
fossil fuels or the nuclear reaction generates
heat that is converted into mechanical motion by
the thermal turbines. In hydro systems, the flow
of water through the turbine converts the kinetic
energy of the water into rotating mechanical
energy. These turbines rotate the
electromechanical generators that convert the
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
 The Power System
Transmission System:
The generated electricity is transmitted to
all customers by a complex network of
transmission systems composed mainly of
transmission lines, transformers and
protective equipments. The transmission
lines are the links between power plants
and load centers.
 The Power System
The transformers ,as you know, are used to
increase (step up) or decrease (step down) the
voltage. At the power plant, a transmission
substation with step-up transformers increase the
voltage of the transmission lines to very high
values(220kV & 500 kV in Pakistan). This is done to
reduce the current through the transmission lines,
thus reducing the cross-section of the transmission
wires as well as reducing the overall cost of the
transmission system.
 The Power System
Distribution system:
At the load centers, the voltage of the
transmission lines is reduced by step-
down transformers to lower values (11kV
in Pakistan) for distribution within the city
limits. At the customer sites, the voltage is
further (400V,230V in Pakistan) reduced
for household use.
Basic components of T. Line
A transmission line is composed of conductors,
insulators and supporting structures.
Conductors:
Conductors for high-voltage lines are always
bare. Stranded copper conductors, or steel-
reinforced aluminum conductors (ACSR) are
used. ACSR conductors are preferred because
they result in a lighter and more economical line.
Conductors have to spliced when a line is very
long. Special care must be taken so that joints
have low resistance and great mechanical
strength.
Basic components of T. Line
Insulators serve to support and anchor the
conductors and to insulate them from
ground. Insulators are usually made of
porcelain, but glass and other synthetic
insulating materials are also used. From
and electrical standpoint, insulators must
offer a high resistance to surface leakage
currents and must be sufficiently thick to
prevent breakdown under the high-voltage
stresses they have to withstand.
 Power Transmission
Electric power transmission, a process in the
delivery of electricity to consumers, is the bulk
transfer of electrical power. Typically, power
transmission is between the power plant and a
substation near a populated area. Electricity
distribution is the delivery from the substation to
the consumers. Electric power transmission
allows distant energy sources (such as
hydroelectric power plants) to be connected to
consumers in population centers, and may allow
exploitation of low-grade fuel resources that
would otherwise be too costly to transport
to generating facilities.
 Transmission Line
An overhead power line is an electric power transmission
line suspended by towers or poles. Since most of the
insulation is provided by air, overhead power lines are
generally the lowest-cost method of transmission for
large quantities of electric power. Towers for support of
the lines are made of wood, steel (either lattice
structures or tubular poles), concrete, aluminum, and
occasionally reinforced plastics. The bare wire
conductors on the line are generally made of aluminum
(either plain or reinforced with steel or sometimes
composite materials), though some copper wires are
used in medium-voltage distribution and low-voltage
connections to customer premises.
 Transmission Line
The fundamental purpose of the
transmission line is to carry active power
(kilowatts) from one point to another. If it
also has to carry reactive power, the latter
should be kept as small as possible. In
addition, a transmission line should
posses the following basic characteristics:
 Transmission Line
 The voltage should remain as constant
as possible the entire length of the line.
 The line losses must be small so as to
attain a high transmission efficiency.
 The I2R losses must not overheat the
conductors.
 Transmission Line
AC power transmission is the transmission
of electric power by alternating current.
Usually transmission lines use three
phase AC current. Single phase AC
current is sometimes used in a railway
electrification system.
 Transmission Line
Overhead power lines are often equipped with a
ground conductor (shield wire or overhead
earth wire). A ground conductor is a conductor
that is usually grounded (earthed) at the top
of the supporting structure to minimize the
likelihood of direct lightning strikes to the phase
conductors.
Basic components of T. Line
To increase the leakage path (and hence
the leakage the leakage resistance), the
insulators are molded with wave-like folds.
From mechanical standpoint, they must be
strong enough to withstand the dynamic
pull and weight of conductors.
 The Power System
WAPDA has lines on its system. In 1947,
WAPDA had only 1200 KMs Transmission
Lines. The total length of transmission
lines now stands about 4665 Km.
WAPDA's Power Transmission Lines
system is interconnected through a
National Grid which extends power from
Peshawar to Karachi - Quetta and Azad
Kashmir linking all important cities of the
country
 500 KV Transmission Lines : Existing
NO Cicuit Rout
1 Tarbela - Faisalabad (1st Circuit) 330 KM
2 Faisalabad - Multan - Guddu - Karachi 957 KM
3 Tarbela - Faisalabad (2nd Circuit) 327 KM
4 Lahore - Multan - Jamshoro 1075 KM
5 Tarbela - Peshawar 117 KM
6 Tarbela - Lahore (3rd Circuit) 347 KM
7 3rd 500 KV Jamshoro - Gud-u-Multan and 2nd 630 KM
Multan - Gatti - Lahore

8 First Hub-Jahmsoro 182 KM

9 Second 500 KV Line Hub-Jamshoro 181 KM
 220 KV Transmission Lines : Under Execution

NO Circuit Rout

10 2nd 220 KV Guddu - Sibbi D/C 259 KM

11 Sibbi - Quetta 194 KM

12 S/C 220 Guddu - Sibbi 272 KM
Thank you