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L[ f (t )] F ( s) f (t )e dt
st
Eq A
1
ts
Eq B
L [ F ( s )] f (t )
F
(
s
)
e
ds
2 j j
1
*notes
1 st
L[u(t )] 1e dt e |
0
s
0
st
1
L[u(t )]
s
The Laplace Transform of a unit step is:
*notes
1
s
f(t)
t0
0
Mathematically:
(t t0) = 0 t
*note
t 0
(t t )dt 1
0
t0
t2
t1
t1 t 0 t 2
f (t 0 )
f (t ) (t t 0 )dt
t 0 t1 , t 0 t 2
0
L[ (t )] (t )e dt e
0
st
0 s
f (t ) F ( s)
The above is a statement that f(t) and F(s) are
transform pairs. What this means is that for
each f(t) there is a unique F(s) and for each F(s)
there is a unique f(t). If we can remember the
Pair relationships between approximately 10 of the
Laplace transform pairs we can go a long way.
L[e u(t )] e e dt e
at
at
st
L(e
( s a ) t
st
e
1
L[e u( t )]
|0
(s a)
sa
at
A transform
pair
at
e u( t )
1
sa
dt
L[tu(t )] te dt
st
udv uv | vdu
0
tu(t )
1
2
s
u=t
dv = e-stdt
A transform
pair
(e jwt e jwt ) st
L[cos( wt )]
e dt
2
0
1 1
1
2 s jw s jw
s
2
s w2
cos( wt )u(t )
s
s2 w2
A transform
pair
L[ f (t a )u(t a )] f (t a )e st
a
f ( x )e s ( x a ) dx e as f ( x )e sx dx
0
L[ f (t a )u(t a )] e
as
F ( s)
L[e
at
f (t )] [e
at
st
f (t )]e dt
f ( t )e
( s a ) t
dt F ( s a )
L[e
at
f (t )] F ( s a )
s
F ( s) 2
s w2
(s a)
and F ( s a )
(s a)2 w 2
L[e
at
(s a)
cos( wt )]
( s a)2 (w)2
Integrate by parts :
t
and
st
dv e dt ,
1 st
v e
s
1
f (t )dt f (t )e st dt
s0
1
F ( s)
s
df (t )
L[
] sF ( s ) f (0)
dt
Integrate by parts:
u e , du se dt and
df ( t )
dv
dt df ( t ), so v f ( t )
dt
st
*note
st
df
L
f ( t )e
dt
| f (t ) se dt
st
0
0 f (0) s f (t )e st dt
0
So we have shown:
df (t )
L
sF ( s ) f (0)
dt
st
s
F ( s) sf (0) f ' (0)
2
dt
df (t ) 3
3
2
L
s
F
(
s
)
s
f (0) sf ' (0) f ' ' (0)
3
dt
general case
df (t ) n
n
n 1
n 2
L
s
F
(
s
)
s
f
(
0
)
s
f ' (0)
n
dt
... f ( n 1) (0)
u( t )
tn
1
s
1
sa
1
f (t )
F ( s)
____________________________________
e st
t
F(s)
1
s2
n!
s n 1
at
n at
t e
sin( wt )
cos( wt )
F(s)
1
s a2
n!
( s a )n 1
w
s2 w 2
s
s2 w 2
e at sin( wt )
e
at
cos( wt )
sin( wt )
cos( wt )
F(s)
w
(s a)2 w 2
sa
2
2
(s a) w
s sin w cos
s2 w2
s cos w sin
2
2
s w
Yes !
F(s)
f ( t t 0 )u( t t 0 ), t 0 0
f ( t )u( t t 0 ), t 0
e at f ( t )
d n f (t )
dt n
e
e
to s
to s
F ( s)
L[ f ( t t 0 )
F (s a)
s n F ( s ) s n 1 f ( 0) s n 2 f ' ( 0) . . . s 0 f n 1 f ( 0)
dF ( s )
ds
tf ( t )
1
F ( s)
s
f ( )d
te 4t
syms t,s
laplace(t*exp(-4*t),t,s)
ans =
1/(s+4)^2
F ( s)
s ( s 6)
2
( s 3)( s 6 s 18)
prob.12.19
syms s t
ilaplace(s*(s+6)/((s+3)*(s^2+6*s+18)))
ans =
-exp(-3*t)+2*exp(-3*t)*cos(3*t)
If the function f(t) and its first derivative are Laplace transformable and f(t)
Has the Laplace transform F(s), and the lim sF ( s ) exists, then
s
Initial Value
Theorem
The utility of this theorem lies in not having to take the inverse of F(s)
in order to find out the initial condition in the time domain. This is
particularly useful in circuits and systems.
( s 2)
( s 1) 2 5 2
Find f(0)
lim
s 2
s
( s 2)
( s 1)
lim
52 s
s2 s2 2 s s2
2
s 2 s s ( 26 s )
s 2 2s
2
s 2 s 1 25
If the function f(t) and its first derivative are Laplace transformable and f(t)
has the Laplace transform F(s), and the lim sF ( s ) exists, then
s
lim sF ( s ) lim f ( t ) f ( )
s0
Final Value
Theorem
Again, the utility of this theorem lies in not having to take the inverse
of F(s) in order to find out the final value of f(t) in the time domain.
This is particularly useful in circuits and systems.
( s 2) 2 3 2
( s 2)
32
note F 1 ( s ) te 2 t cos 3t
Find f ( ) .
f ( ) lim sF ( s ) lim s
s0
s0
( s 2) 2 3 2
( s 2)