CDMA principle - Chips & Bits &

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)

Symbols
+1

Baseband Data
-1

Chip
Spreading Code

Chip
+1
-1

Spread Signal

+1

-1

Air Interface
+1
-1
+1

Data

-1

Energy Box

Energy per bit = Eb = const

Originating Bit

Received Bit

Duration
(t = 1/Rb)
Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral density
BUT
Same Energy per Bit

Spreading &
Processing
Gain
User bit
Power density (Watts/Hz)

rate

R
Unspread narrowband signal

Spread wideband signal

Frequency

Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

W const 3.84 Mchip

Processing gain:

W
G p dB
R

sec

Processing
Gain
Examples
Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=24.98
dB

Frequency (Hz)

Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=10
dB

Frequency (Hz)

Spreading sequences
have a different length
Processing gain
depends on the user
data rate

Transmission Power
Power density

High bit rate user

Frequency

5MHz

Low bit rate user

Time

WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the
spreading operation
Channelisation code
Scrambling code

Channelisation code
DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels,
defines physical channel bit rate
UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit rate

Scrambling code
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency
UL: separates users

DL Spreading and Multiplexing in

CHANNELISATION codes: WCDMA

Radio frame = 15 time slots

Pilot

CODE 1

BCCH

P-CPICH
Pilot

BCCH

User 1

CODE 2

User 2

P-CCPCH

User 3
SUM

CODE 3

User 1

DPCH1

CODE 4

User 2

DPCH2

Time

3.84 MHz
RF carrier

SCRAMBLING
CODE

CODE 5

User 3

DPCH3

3.84 MHz bandwidth

RF

DL & UL Channelisation Codes

Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)

SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512}

SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}

Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the
code set equals 0
In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL
In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between
users of same cell

Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation

between different channels can be guaranteed
Downlink channels under one cell
Uplink channels from a single user

Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an
asynchronous environment
Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL

SF=
1

Channelisation Code...Tree

SF=
2

SF=
4

SF=
8

C8(0)=[11111111
]
C4(0)=[1111
]
C2(0)=[11]

C4(1)=[11-11]
C0(0)=[
1]
C4(2)=[1-111]
C2(1)=[11]
C4(3)=[1-111]

SF=1
6
C16(0)=[.......

.....]
C16(1)=[.......
.....]
C16(2)=[.......
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1- .....]
1]
C16(3)=[.......
.....]
C16(4)=[.......
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1- .....]
1]
C16(5)=[.......
.....]
C16(6)=[.......
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111] .....]
C16(7)=[.......
.....]
C16(8)=[.......
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11- .....]
C16(9)=[.......
1]
.....]
C16(10)=[.......
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11] ....]
C16(11)=[.........
..]
C16(12)=[.....
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] ......]
C16(13=[......
.....]
C16(14)=[.....
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111- ......]
1]
C16(15)=[.....
......]

SF=25 SF=51
6
2

Physical
Layer
Bit
Rates
(DL)
Spreading
Channel
Channel bit
DPDCH
Maximum user
factor

512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
4, with 3
parallel
codes

symbol
rate
(ksps)
7.5
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
2880

W
RSymbol
SF

rate
(kbps)
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
1920
5760

channel bit
rate range
(kbps)
36
1224
4251
90
210
432
912
1872
5616

data rate with rate coding

(approx.)
13 kbps
612 kbps Half rate speech
2024 kbps Full rate speech
45 kbps
105 kbps
128 kbps
215 kbps
384 kbps
456 kbps
936 kbps
2.3 Mbps
2 Mbps

Rb _ phy 2 RSymbol
(QPSK modulation)