Factors

affecting?

What
is ?

Collision
theory?

Rate of reaction
Activation
Energy level
energy?
diagram?
Effective
collision?

What is the rate of a reaction

The rate of the reaction is how
quickly the reaction happens.

Fast
reaction

Slow
reaction

Iron rusting - a
CHEMICAL
REACTION
with a slow
reaction rate.

Wood burning a CHEMICAL

REACTION with
a fast reaction
rate.

Factors
affecting?

What
is ?

Collision
theory?

Rate of reaction
Activation
Energy level
energy?
diagram?
Effective
collision?

collision theory
"You cant react if you dont collide."

3 necessary requirements in order for

a reaction to take place:

1. the molecules must collide to

react.
If two molecules simply collide,
however, they will not always react;
therefore, the occurrence of a
collision is not enough.

2. there must be enough energy (energy of

activation) for the two molecules to react.
This is the idea of a transition state; if
two slow molecules collide, they might
bounce off one another because they do
not contain enough energy to reach the
energy of activation and overcome the
transition state (the highest energy point).

3. the molecules must be oriented with

respect to each other correctly.

For the reaction to occur between two

colliding molecules, they must collide in the
correct orientation, and possess a certain,
minimum, amount of energy.

collision theory
chemical reaction only occur between
particles
when they collide

There is a minimum amount of energy

which colliding particles need in order to react
If the colliding particles have less than this
minimum energy
then they just bounce off each other and no
reaction occurs.
This minimum energy is called the activation
energy.

Factors
affecting?

What
is ?

Collision
theory?

Rate of reaction
Activation
Energy level
energy?
diagram?
Effective
collision?

Prevent Effective collision

Camera to
detect fast
moving traffic

NOT Effective collision

NO3(gas) + CO(gas)

Reactants
moving too
slowly

NO2(gas) + CO2(gas)

Molecules
bounce ( no
reaction)

NOT Effective collision

NO3(gas) + CO(gas)

Reactants
not facing
right way

NO2(gas) + CO2(gas)

Molecules
bounce ( no
reaction)

Effective collision

Reactants energy is
high & oriented
right way

Reaction
happens

Effective collision
The orientation of collision

Effective collision

Effective collision
Which collision is effective?

Factors
affecting?

What
is ?

Collision
theory?

Rate of reaction
Activation
Energy level
energy?
diagram?
Effective
collision?

Activation energy
The energy that must be overcome in
order for a chemical reaction to occur
Activation energy is the minimum
energy necessary for a specific
chemical reaction to occur
For chemical reaction to have
noticeable rate, there should be
noticeable number of molecules
with the energy equal or greater
than the activation energy.

Activation energy
The sparks generated
by striking steel
against a flint provide
the activation energy
to initiate combustion
in this Bunsen burner

What is activation energy

A little
activation
energy is added
with the aid of a
weed burner...

What is activation energy

Not enough
kinetic energy
for reactants to
leap over
reaction barrier.

A "hot" reaction in
progress showing
reactants leaping
over the activation
energy barrier

Activation energy

Activation energy

What is activation energy

Only collisions with enough energy react to

form products.
The critical amount of energy to make the
reaction proceed

+ B

reactants

C + D
products

What is activation energy

activation
energy

What is activation energy

Activation energy

reactants

products

What is activation energy

Activation
energy

reactants

products

What is activation energy

reactants

products

Factors
affecting?

What
is ?

Collision
theory?

Rate of reaction
Activation
Energy level
energy?
diagram?
Effective
collision?

What affects the rate of a reaction?

Size of
reactant

Concentration
of reactants
/pressure

Temperature
of reaction
mixture

catalyst

What affects the rate of a reaction?

1. The effect of particle size

1. The effect of particle size

What affects the rate of a reaction?

1. The effect of particle size

Reducing the size of particles
increases the surface area
increases the number of collisions per second.

Increase the number of effective collisions.

Increase the rate of reaction.

Increasing the Surface Area of a Solid.

A solid in a solution can only react when
particles collide with the surface.
The bigger the area of the solid surface,
the more particles can collide with it per
second
A powder has the largest surface area and
will have the fastest reaction rate.

THE EFFECT OF SURFACE AREA

ON REACTION RATES

a reaction between magnesium metal and a

dilute acid like hydrochloric acid.
Increasing the number of collisions per
second increases the rate of reaction.

THE EFFECT OF SURFACE AREA

ON REACTION RATES

Magnesium metal

THE EFFECT OF SURFACE AREA

ON REACTION RATES

Magnesium metal

What affects the rate of a reaction?

2. Temperature

Increasing temperature will increase energy

in the particles leads to an increased
probability of favourable collisions.

What affects the rate of a reaction?

1. The effect of temperature

Increase the temperature
increases the kinetic energy of particles

Increases the number of collisions per second.

Increase the number of effective collisions.

Increase the rate of reaction.

What affects the rate of a reaction?

3. Concentration and Pressure

Increasing concentration or pressure

increases the rate of a reaction, because
the particles are closer together and have
an increased probability of favourable
collisions.

THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON

REACTION RATES

THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON

REACTION RATES

What affects the rate of a reaction?

1. The effect of concentration

Increase the concentration
increases the no of particles/unit volume

increases the number of collisions per second.

Increase the number of effective collisions.

Increase the rate of reaction.

THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON

REACTION RATES

THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON

REACTION RATES

What affects the rate of a reaction?

1. The effect of pressure in gas

Increase the pressure of gas
increases the no of particles/unit volume

increases the number of collisions per second.

Increase the number of effective collisions.

Increase the rate of reaction.

What affects the rate of a reaction?

4. Catalyst
Often a catalyst is there to provide
a favourable surface for a
reaction to take place

The black
object
represents
the
catalyst

Properties of Catalysts

- A catalyst will change the rate of a

reaction.
- The catalyst itself does not take part in
the reaction - It is not changed by the
reaction
- it is not used up during the reaction.
- A catalyst is usually a transition metal, a
transition metal oxide

Examples CATALYSTS ON REACTION RATES

Reaction

catalyst

Decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide

Manganese
(IV) oxide,
MnO2

Manufacture of ammonia by the

Haber Process

Iron

Vanadium
Contact Process to make sulphuric
(V) oxide,
acid
V 2O 5

What affects the rate of a reaction?

1. The effect of catalyst

Catalyst provides alternative route
That has a lower activation energy
So more particles have energy equal or
greater than activation energy.
Number of effective collisions increase.

Increase the rate of reaction.

What affects the rate of a reaction?

4. Catalyst
How does a catalyst work?
1) A catalyst provides a surface on
which the reaction can take place. This
increases the number of collisions
between the particles of the substances
that are reacting.

How does a catalyst work?

How does a catalyst work?

What affects the rate of a reaction?

4. Catalyst

How does a catalyst work?

2) A catalyst lowers the activation energy
This means that the particles can react with less
energy than they needed before the catalyst
was added. (Think about it: if the government
lowered the legal age to buy cigarettes, then
more people could legally buy cigarettes.
Similarly, if we lower the amount of energy
needed for particles to react, then more
particles can react).

Activation energy
A catalyst provides an alternative route
for the reaction. That alternative route has
a lower activation energy.

Activation energy
Activation
energy with
no catalyst

Activation
energy with
catalyst

Factors
affecting?

What
is ?

Collision
theory?

Rate of reaction
Activation
Energy level
energy?
diagram?
Effective
collision?

Energy level diagram

In an exothermic reaction, reactants have a
higher energy level than the products.

Energy level diagram

In endothermic reactions the reactants have
a lower energy level than the products.

End of
slides