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EBENEZER HOWARD

The
pathway of
any
experiment
worth
achieving, is
strewn with
failures.
Success is,
for the most
part, built on
failure.
Ebenezer
Howard

Ebenezer Howard was born in Fore Street, City of London, the son of a
shopkeeper.
Sir Ebenezer Howard (29 January 1850 May 1, 1928) is known for his
publication Garden Cities of To-morrow (1898), the description of a
utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature.
The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movement,
that realized several Garden Cities in Great Britain at the beginning of the
20th century.
Garden City most effective planning model in Western urban planning.
Created by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 to solve urban and rural problems.
Source of many key planning ideas during 20th century

The garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was


introduced in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom.

Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained


communities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate
areas of residences, industry and agriculture.
The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full
population, another garden city would be developed nearby.
Howard imagined a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of
a central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail.

Howard believed that all people agreed the overcrowding and deterioration
of cities was one of the troubling issues of their time.
Howards garden city concept combined the town and country in order to
provide the working class an alternative to working on farms or crowded,
unhealthy cities.
Garden City an impressive diagram of THE THREE MAGNETS namely
the town magnet, country magnet with their advantages and disadvantages
and the third magnet with attractive features of both town and country life.
Naturally people preferred the third one namely Garden City.

The Garden City would consist of different zones, street types and green
belts. The core in the centre is about 4km and contains a central park,
surrounded by a commercial, cultural and administrative zone.

Core garden city principles

Strong community
Ordered development
Environmental quality

These were to be achieved by:

Unified ownership of land to prevent individual land


maximize community benefit
mix and good community facilities
Limits to growth of each garden city
Local participation in decisions about development

This is another diagram made by Sir Ebenezer Howard. It explains that the
garden city(which he proposed) must be built around the central big city.
Small town or garden city will grow around big city and will be connected with
each other as well as big city with rail network and road network

An estate of 6,000 acres was to be bought and held in trust for the people of Garden City.
A town was to be built near the centre of the estate to occupy about 1,000 acres.
In the centre was to be a park in which were
Placed the public buildings, and around the
park a great arcade containing shops, etc.
The population of the town was to be 30,000.
The building plots were to be of an average
size of 10 by 30 feet.
There were to be common gardens and
cooperative kitchens. On the outer ring of the
town there were to be factories, warehouses,
etc., fronting on a circular railway.
The agricultural estate of 5,000acres was to be properly developed for agricultural
purposes as part of the scheme, and the population of this belt was taken at 2,000.

consists six magnificent avenues--each 120 feet wide--traverse the city


from centre to circumference, dividing it into six equal parts or wards.
In the centre is a circular space containing about five and a half acres,
laid out as a beautiful and well- watered garden; and, surrounding this
garden, each standing in its own ample grounds, are the larger public
buildings--town hall, principal concert and lecture hall, theatre, library,
museum, picture-gallery, and hospital.
Affordability
Howard wanted garden city for all incomes
Their attractiveness as living environments has often made them become
more popular with better off people.

Garden Cities at their heart have a


central garden, with rings of
dwellings, shops, roads, industry,
fields, and farms.
The ordered layout is meant to
improve biological, social, economic,
and personal life for everyone.

Ebenezer Howard felt that Garden Cities would work, because the plans were based
on understanding human nature.
Individualism is no less excellent, in his mind, as he compares good society to an
orchestra that plays together, but practice separately. Expense, however, always
tends to get in the way of progress.

In 1903 they designed and established the first Garden City in England, named
Letchworth.
Letchworth proved a success, and in 1919 the second Garden City Welwyn was
founded.
.

Le Corbusier
(1887 - 1965)

LE CORBUSIER AN INTRODUCTION
Charles-douard Jeanneret-Gris, aka Le
Corbusier (October 6, 1887 August 27, 1965),
was a French architect, designer, urbanist, writer
and also painter.
He was one of the pioneers of what now is
called Modern architecture or the International
Style.

He was dedicated in providing better living conditions for the residents of


crowded cities.
Le Corbusier stated that many cities around the world were on the blink of an
urban implosion.
The main reasons being poor design, inadequate and inefficient transportation.
He studied these problems and advised bold new solutions.
His theories helped shape planning of many cities around the world.

IDEOLOGIES
The works of Le Corbusier is based on some very strong points which can be
clearly seen from the buildings.
FIVE POINTS: these are the elements which deal with the skeletal frame, the open
plan, the roof terrace, the band of windows and the asymmetrical composition of
facades.
TRUE GEOMETRY: the planning were based on true geometry that is pure form of
cubes, spheres, pyramids etc.
BOLD FACADE: excessive use of concrete on facades with bold notification and
grid work for windows were the must in any building.

PHILOSOPHIES

Corbusier advocated the concept that a great modern city can only function on
the basis of a strict order.
Le Corbusier presented two imposing planning schemes.
In 1922 he outlined the plan for a contemporary city of three million inhabitants
which was based on four principles:

Decongestion of the centers of cities.


Augmentation of the density.
Enlargement of the means of circulation.
Increase in the number of parks and open spaces.

It was followed by the Vision plan for the center of Paris.


In 1929 in his book the city of tomorrow and its planning he offered a
stimulating vision to solve complex problems of modern urban life.

These plans were tentative in conceptual design and did not take into account
the modifications necessary for implementations.
His plans for the cities were the results of detailed analysis of three major
urban factors
Roads
Housing
Open spaces

CHANDIGARH BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT


Corbusier considered towns as a biological phenomena.

According to him they have a brain, heart, lungs, limbs and arteries like human
beings.
In Chandigarh, he used the same phenomena for his basic plan.
The capital complex was placed at the top of the town because he likened it to
be intellect of man , which emanates from the brain or the head.
The industrial and the educational; belts
symbolize the limbs.

on the either side of the city

The city center with commercial buildings, shops and offices represents the
heart.
The spacious parks and green belts which run through the city provide the
lungs.
The network of roads for vehicular traffic and footpaths for pedestrian
constitutes the circulatory system.

TONY GARINER

Born Aug. 13, 1869, Lyon


Died Jan. 19, 1948, France.
He is considered the forerunner to the 20th century French architects. After
extensive study of sociological and architectural problems, he began in
1901 to formulate an elaborate solution to the perceived issues and
published his treatise Une cit industrielle in 1918. He was most active in
his hometown of Lyon. He is also remembered, along with Auguste Perret,
for the pioneering use of reinforced concrete
LIFE HISTORY
Tony Garnier was a principal architect and urban planner of the 20th
century. Many of his projects influenced his contemporary architects
and informed what they considered to be modern architecture.

A discreet man, Tony Garnier dedicated most of his life to his passion for
architecture.
His father, Pierre Garnier, was a silk designer. From a very young age he was
confronted with the harsh living conditions of silk workers. Through his
passion for architecture, he sought to find a solution to the problem of social
housing. Inventing a new way of thinking about housing became one of his
major concerns.
So Most of his time was dedicated to a project for the creation of a new city, a
modern one, called An Industrial City, published for the first time in 1917.

THE INDUSTRIAL CITY


Tony Garnier designed the plans of an ideal city, called An industrial city.
Published in 1917, it is a milestone in the 20th century history of architecture
and urban planning.

He dedicated himself instead to avant-garde ideas, by working on his modern


city project, designed for about 35,000 inhabitants.
The Industrial City of Tony Garnier, which can be compared to a city of
labor, illustrates the ideas of Fourier.
The city is located on a rocky headland, the industrial area being clearly
separated from it and located down the headland, at the confluence of a river.
In what many consider to be the first act of Modern master planning, Garnier
designed a self-sufficient settlement for 35,000 based on industry, with
various functions zoned in discreet areas, connected by multiple
infrastructural systems; a railway, a canal, roads, and an airport.

Only three main functions have therefore been conceived by Garnier:


production, housing and health facilities. The dictatorship of production
turned housing and health in the service of production. Workers had to be
healthy and therefore housed well to stay stable and reliable in the
production process. Therefore we can say, the center of the conception of
the modern city is production.
The general design of Garniers city shows a seperation between living
quarters and industry and also a separate health centre outside the city. Th
The main patterns are grids. However the part with living quarters is kept
narrow to minimize distances to nature.
The grid patterns are not 'stamped' all over the city. The design of the civic
centre is based on a dispositon of buildings around a central axle. This
shows elements of classic design. On the other hand all buildings are free
standing and the open spaces are enormous. In the whole of the plan
there are few squares, let alone enclosed squares.

The living quarters show an innovative new type of building block with
free standing houses and 'urban villas' (although using this word in this
respect is an anachronism) on an 'island' between streets. This type of
building block had been taken up in recent urban design in the
Netherlands.
The result is that there are no enclosed streets.
Trees form very much part of the design. Indicating the more important
streets and losely planted within the blocks.
Garnier has a lot of drawings showing public space in living quarters,
indicating that he cared about everyday living conditions. For the civic
centre he only shows the buildings. This suggests that he did not consider
the design of public space around public buildings to be a very important
matter.

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