Introduction to MATLAB

MATLAB in Science, Engineering, and

Mathematics Instruction
John Sebeson
DeVry University

What is MATLAB?
MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory.
MATLAB is a high-performance language for
technical computing.

Math and computation

Algorithm development (optimized for DSP)
Data acquisition
Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
Scientific and engineering graphics
Application development, including graphical
user interface building

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Why Learn and Use MATLAB?

Heavily used in EET/CET courses with DSP
content (CET311, EET350, EET453)
Extensive built-in commands for scientific
and engineering mathematics
Easy way to generate class demonstrations
and test examples
Simple and intuitive programming for more
complex problems
Standard and widely-used computational
environment with many features,
extensions, and links to other software.
January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

MATLAB in DSP Product

Development
Develop and
Test Algorithms
in MATLAB

Code
Composer

SIMULINK
Simulation

DSP
Processor
Platform

MATLAB + PC = DSP Processor!! (just less efficient)

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Why Learn MATLAB (and DSP)?

Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is the
dominant technology today, and into the
future, for small-signal electronic systems
(i.e., just about everything)
MATLAB has become one of the standard
design environments for DSP engineering
Our students need to be literate and skilled
in this environment: knowledgeable in both
DSP and MATLAB
January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

How Can I Learn MATLAB?

Keep a copy of this presentation for
reference (available on my Web
Page)
Get MATLAB loaded on your PC
Read the Getting Started Users
Guide at the MathWorks web site
Study some of the built-in help files
and demos
Dive right in and use it!
January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

This Presentation

The MATLAB System

The basics of MATLAB computation
The basics of MATLAB graphing
The basics of MATLAB programming
Various course examples

Mathematics
Electronics
Physics
Signal Processing(*)

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

The MATLAB System

Development Environment.

MATLAB desktop
Editor and debugger for MATLAB programs (m-files)
Browsers for help, built-in and on-line documentation
Extensive demos

Elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic

More sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel
functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
Toolboxes for special application areas such as Signal Processing

The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library.

The MATLAB Language.

Programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away

programs, or
Programming in the large" to create large and complex application programs.

2D and 3D plots
Editing and annotation features

A library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with
MATLAB.

Graphics.

The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API).

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

MATLAB Development Environment

(Workspace)

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

MATLAB Help Utilities

MATLAB is so rich that help is essential
Command name and syntax
Command input/output parameters
Usage examples

Help command
help command_name
help [partial_name] tab

Help documents
Demos
January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

MATLAB Function Library

(A Subset)
matlab\general
matlab\ops
matlab\lang
matlab\elmat
matlab\elfun
matlab\specfun
matlab\matfun
matlab\datafun
matlab\polyfun
matlab\funfun
matlab\sparfun
matlab\scribe
matlab\graph2d
matlab\graph3d
matlab\specgraph
matlab\graphics
January 18, 2005

- General purpose commands.

- Operators and special characters.
- Programming language constructs.
- Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation.
- Elementary math functions.
- Specialized math functions.
- Matrix functions - numerical linear algebra.
- Data analysis and Fourier transforms.
- Interpolation and polynomials.
- Function functions and ODE solvers.
- Sparse matrices.
- Annotation and Plot Editing.
- Two dimensional graphs.
- Three dimensional graphs.
- Specialized graphs.
- Handle Graphics.
J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University
2005

Some Elementary Functions

Exponential.
exp
- Exponential.
expm1
- Compute exp(x)-1 accurately.
log
- Natural logarithm.
log1p
- Compute log(1+x) accurately.
log10
- Common (base 10) logarithm.
log2
- Base 2 logarithm and dissect floating point number.
pow2
- Base 2 power and scale floating point number.
realpow
- Power that will error out on complex result.
reallog
- Natural logarithm of real number.
realsqrt - Square root of number greater than or equal to zero.
sqrt
- Square root.
nthroot
- Real n-th root of real numbers.
nextpow2 - Next higher power of 2.
January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Some Specialized Functions

Number theoretic functions.
factor
- Prime factors.
isprime
- True for prime numbers.
primes
- Generate list of prime numbers.
gcd
- Greatest common divisor.
lcm
- Least common multiple.
rat
- Rational approximation.
rats
- Rational output.
perms
- All possible permutations.
nchoosek - All combinations of N elements taken K at a time.
factorial - Factorial function.

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

The MATLAB Language

(M-file example)
function one_period(amp,freq,phase)
% ONE_PERIOD(AMP,FREQ,PHASE)
% This function plots one period of a sine wave with a given amplitude,
% frequency (in Hz), and phase ( in degrees).
T=1000/freq; % Compute the period in ms
t=0:T/100:T; % Define a 100 point ms time vector 1 period long
y=amp*sin(2*pi*t/T+phase*pi/180); % One period of the sine function
plot(t,y) % Plot the result and format the axes and title
xlabel('milliseconds')
ylabel('amplitude')
title(['One Period of a ',num2str(freq),' Hz Sinewave with
',num2str(phase), ' Degree phase'])

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

MATLAB Graphics:
2D Functions (Physics Example)

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

MATLAB Graphics:
2D Functions (Physics Example)
Planck Radiation Law
3500

kilowatts/sq.meter-micron

3000
3000 K
2700 K
2500 K

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

January 18, 2005

4
5
6
wavelength microns

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

10

MATLAB Graphics:
3D Functions (DSP Example)

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Basic MATLAB Computation:

Representation of Numbers and Variables
MATLAB operates on n row by m column
matrices:
A n x m quantity is an array
[8
3
4

1
5
9

6
7
2]

A 1 x m or a n x 1 quantity is a vector
[8

6]

A 1 x 1 quantity is a scalar
[8]

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Basic MATLAB Computation:

Basic Operations
Array manipulation (Magic Square
example)
Sum, diag, transpose, colon operator,
indexing

Array, vector, and scalar operators

Matrix and vector addition and
multiplication
Element-by-element operations

Variable statements and definitions

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

MATLAB Plotting and Graphics

Rich set of commands for 2D and 3D
plotting of functions
Command formatting and editing
GUI formatting and editing
Image display capabilities
Animation capabilities
Simple copy and paste for
publishing generated figures
January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

MATLAB Plotting
Basic Commands
plot x,y line plots
stem n,y discrete plots (standard
representation of digital signals)
bar vertical bar plots
plot3 3D x,y,z line plots
mesh, surf, etc. 3D surface plots
show_img display matrix as an image
hold hold current figure for multiple line plots
subplot put multiple plots in one figure frame
Etc, etc. - See MATLAB help documentation
January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Basic Plotting - Examples

Plot of sin(x) function

Stem of sin(x) function
Bar of sin(x) function
Several sine functions with hold
Several sine functions with subplot
2D plot of sinc(x)
3D plot of sinc(x) [plot_sinc m-file]
GUI editing
View by rotation

Animation [brownian_demo m-file]

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Basic MATLAB Programming

Scripts

String of MATLAB commands

Stored as m-file (*.m)
Use variables from command line
Variables have names consistent with script variable names
Used for quick and dirty programs
Example: dydx_script

String of MATLAB commands

Stored as m-file (*.m)
Use variables as function parameters
No restriction on parameter names
Can return variable results
Used for general purpose programs
Example: yy=dydx(x,y)

Functions

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Structure of m-file Functions:

Examples
one_period
Use of num2str for variable formatting

sumofsines
Use of parameter-controlled data input
loops

fft_plot
Use of MATLAB functions as subroutines
Use of nargin test and branch
January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Mathematics Example:
Polynomial Algebra (Convolution Operator)

Polynomial products and factoring:

( x 2 3x 2)( x 3 5 x 2 4 x 4) x 5 8 x 4 21 x 3 26 x 2 20 x 8
>> p1=[1,3,2];
>> p2=[1,5,4,4];
>> pc=conv(p1,p2)
pc =
1
8 21 26

20

>> deconv(pc,p2)
ans =
1
3
2
>> deconv(pc,p1)
ans =
1
5
4
4
January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Mathematics Example:
Linear Systems

Solve the system:

5 x 2 y 3z 3

4 y 3z 2

x y 9 z 60
A*S=B
MATLAB Code:

>> A=[5,-2,-3;0,4,3;1,-1,9];
>> B=[-3,-2,60]'; % Note vector transpose ()
>> S=linsolve(A,B)
S=
1.0000
-5.0000
6.0000

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Mathematics Example:
Polynomial Roots
Find the roots of the following system:
y 12 x 2 x 8

MATLAB code:
>> roots([12 -1 -8])
ans =
0.8592
-0.7759

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Mathematics Example:
Polynomial Roots
Graphical Solution:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

a=12;
b=-1;
c=-8;
x=-1:0.1:1;
y=a*x.^2+b*x+c;
plot(x,y)

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Electronic Circuits Example:

Mesh Analysis (Linear System)
Find the currents in
each branch: I1, I2
-7I1 + 6I2 = 5
6I1 8I2 = -10

A*X = B

January 18, 2005

>> A=[-7,6;6,-8];
>> B=[5;-10];
>> X=linsolve(A,B)
ans =
1.0000
2.0000

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Electronic Circuits Example:

FET Operating Point
Find the DC operating point of the following
circuit:

VGS
ID
RS
VGS

I D I DSS 1
VP

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Electronic Circuits Example:

FET Operating Point
M-file: [Vgs_o,Id_o]=NFET_OP(Idss,Vp,Rs)
[v,id]=nfet_op(12,-4,1200);
Operating Point: Vgs = -2.3754 volts and Id = 1.9795 ma
0.012
Drain Current Transfer Function
Source Resistance Load Line
0.01

Drain Current, Id

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0
-4

January 18, 2005

-3.5

-3

-2.5
-2
-1.5
Gate-Source Voltage, Vgs

-1

-0.5

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Physics Example:
Graphical Solution of a Trajectory
Problem:
A football kicker can give the ball an
initial speed of 25 m/s. Within what
two elevation angles must he kick the
ball to score a field goal from a point
50 m in front of goalposts whose
horizontal bar is 3.44 m above the
ground?
January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Physics Example:
Field Goal Problem
Solution: The general solution is the trajectory equation.

gx 2
y x tan( 0 ) 2
2v0 cos2 ( 0 )
where y = height, x = distance from goal, v0 = take-off
speed, 0 = take-off angle. Given the take-off speed of
25 m/s, the problem requires the solutions for 0 that
result in a minimum height of y = 3.44 m at a distance
of x = 50 m from the goal post. Although an analytical
solution is possible, a graphical solution provides more
physical insight.
January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Physics Example:
Field Goal Problem

MATLAB code for a graphical solution:

>> v0=25;
>> x=50;
>> g=9.8;
>> y=3.44;
>> theta=5:.1:70;
>> theta_r=theta*pi/180;
>> z=y*ones(1,length(theta));
>> zz=x*tan(theta_r)-g*x^2./(2*v0^2*(cos(theta_r)).^2);
>> plot(theta,zz)
>> hold
Current plot held
>> plot(theta,z)
January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Physics Example:
MATLAB Results

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005

Signal Processing Examples

Fourier Synthesis and the Gibbs Phenomenon

square_jms m-file
2 sin(n2ft)
ssquare (t )

n1
n

n 1,3,5,...

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter Design

h[n]

SINC ( 0 n)

Use of fvtool

Analog-to-Digital Converter Emulation

adc m-file

Digital Transfer Function in the Z-domain

plotH m-file

January 18, 2005

J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

2005