Newton's laws of motion

Let us dedicate our

next one hour
to the great scientist
& mathematician

Sir Isaac Newton

Born: 4 Jan 1643 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire,

England
Died: 31 March 1727 in London, England

Summary

Distance: total length of travel

Displacement: change in position

Average speed: distance / time
Average velocity: displacement / time
Instantaneous velocity: average velocity
measured over an infinitesimally small time

Summary
Instantaneous acceleration: average acceleration
measured over an infinitesimally small time
Average acceleration: change in velocity divided
by change in time
Deceleration: velocity and acceleration have
opposite signs
Equatiojna of motion: equations of motion relate
position, velocity, acceleration, and time
Freely falling objects: constant acceleration
g = 9.81 m/s2
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Newton
For an object to CHANGE its motion we need force

Newtons mechanics applies for motion in

an inertial frame of reference!

???????
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NEWTONS 1st LAW MOTION

LAW OF INERTIA
Mass occupies space
Inertial property
Unless acted upon by external imbalanced
force mass continues to be in state of rest
(velocity=0 ) or uniform motion in straight
line ie.

Without force Velocity and/or Direction of motion

does not change
Eg A rolling ball will continue to roll with same
velocity for ever on a frictionless surface

Inertia( Measure of mass) More mass more inertia

Season & tennis ball:,
Inertia at rest
Suddenly Starting or stopping train
Cleaning carpet by heating
Fruits/ flowers fall down when we shake tree
Pile of carom coins
Coin over card
Inertia of motion
Jumping from running train, Car stops suddenly
Ball thrown up in running train
Start by fast bowler / long jump athlete
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Inertia of coin stack

Will these objects fall

down if we pull table
cloth suddenly

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Examples of Inertia of motion

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 Concept of force

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Force causes acceleration?

Force: push or pull
Force is a vector it has magnitude and
direction

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Force

Calibrating Spring Force

Two equal weights exert twice the force of
one; this is used for calibration of a spring:

We can measure
force by using
spring balance

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Points to Remember about force:

1. Force must have an agent that produces it;
2.Contact force will act at the point of
contact
3.The normal force acts only perpendicular to
the surface in contact;

4.The friction force acts only parallel to the

surface in contact;
5.The tension force from a string or rope
acts only along the line of the string or
rope.
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 Force is needed to change an object's motion

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 Weight is measure of earths gravitational

force
In space weight will be zero but mass will not
change

Newton's laws will be still valid

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NEWTONS 2st LAW Measurability

Inertial property
By definition three terms are involved, namely
Force , Mass & Velocity
Hence a new term ,Momentum is defined as
Momentum P = Mass Velocity = mv

P does not change if there is no external

force.This is called law of conservation of
momentum

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Definition
Rate of change of momentum is proportional
to the applied external imbalance force &
takes place in direction of force

Normal application : Only velocity changes

F
U

F
V
.

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t sec

Now Mass is constant M

M V M U
t1

F M ( V U)

t1

F M a

Newton made the constant of proportionality

one by suitably selecting the units and hence
the formula becomes
F= M a

Impulse
Change in momentum
may be produced by a
force acting for a
instantaneously for
short time) , it is
called impulse

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Why glass breaks when

it falls on hard face ?
Soft bed

Hard surface
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Observe long jump of athlete

Why do athlete jump on soft sand &

not on hard surface ?
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Acceleration vs. Force

Acceleration is proportional to force:

F1 a1

2 F1 2a1
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Kg x m /sec2

Kg

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Force is vector quantity

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Kg x m /sec2

Kg

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Normal Force (Denoted by n )

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A solid object resists

the action of force
which compresses .This
is called normal force.
It always acts outward
and perpendicular to
the surface of the
compressed object.
The symbol for the
normal force is n.

Type of Forces:(
Normal force )

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Type of Forces:(
Normal force )

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The normal force may be equal to, greater than,

or less than the weight.

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Units: Mass has SI units of kg, and

acceleration has SI units of m/s2. We

define the SI unit of force as:
1 newton = 1 N = 1kg m/s2.

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Example: Accelerated Mass

m1

A net force of 3.0 N produces an

acceleration of 2.0 m/s2 on an object of
unknown mass.
What is the mass of the object?

F
(3.0 N)
m1 =

1.5
kg
2
a1 (2.0 m/s )
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Example:
Three Forces

DOCK
Mira, Lata, and Kamal push a 600kg boat, each
exerting a 100 N force parallel to the dock.
(a) What is the acceleration of the boat if they all push
in the same direction?
F1 FM FL FC 3(80.5
N)=300
241.5
3 x 100
N N
a = F / M = 300 N / 600Kg = 0.5 m / sec2
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Example: Three Forces

DOCK

Mira, Lata, and Kamal push a 600kg boat, each

exerting a 100 N force parallel to the dock.
(b) What is the acceleration if Mira & Lata pushes in
the opposite direction from Kamal?
F2 FM FL FC 100
80.5
N 100 = 100N
100
a = F / M = -100 N / 600Kg = - 0.167 m / sec2
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Typical Forces

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Newtons third law

For every action (force) there is a
reaction (force)
Action (force) and reaction forces are in
opposite direction and act on two
different bodies
.

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Newtons Third Law of Motion

Some action-reaction pairs:

Reaction
Action

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Understanding action-reaction pairs:

Will man move?

Reaction
Action
F
Action
Action Reaction
Reaction
Action
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Reaction

Two forces act

on man F & -F
will cancel each
other hence man
will not move

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Understanding action-reaction pairs:

Will man move if he is on skates ?

Cupboard
Reaction
Action
If
man
stand
on
Action
skates, ground
Action No ground
reaction F will not
Ground
reaction
be there. Hence man
Reaction
will
move
back
due
Reaction
to cupboard reaction
Action
force
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Understanding action-reaction pairs:

Will coup bard move?
Two forces act
on cupboard F
Reaction
& -F will cancel
each other
hence it will not
Action
move
Action Reaction
Reaction
Action
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Reaction

Example: Pulling a Rope

A student pulls
horizontally with a
force of 100 N on a
rope that is
attached to a wall.

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Two students pulls

on opposite ends of
a rope with forces
of 100 N each.

Example --- Action

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The man pushes ground back ward Action

Action acts on ground

Example --- reaction

Note: If ground will
not give reaction man
can not move forward

The ground pushes man

forward Reaction
Reaction acts on man

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Example --- Action & reaction

Note: If ground will
give reaction man can
move forward

The ground pushes man

forward Reaction
Reaction acts on man

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The man pushes ground back ward Action

Action acts on ground

Action

Reaction

Tier exerts force

on ground--Action

Ground exerts force on

wheel ---Reaction
hence tractor moves

If ground is slippery
ground can not give
reaction & tire will slip
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Hence no action

If ground is slippery no
action,hence no reaction
Hence tractor will not
move

Rocket engine can work in vacuum as it is having its own

oxygen supply but jet engine cannot work in vacuum

Rocket engine

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Action :
Gases moving out
under high pressure

Reaction :
Reaction acts on plane
due to which it moves

Reaction : Water pushes the fan

back & hence ship moves forward

Action: Rotating
Fan pushes water

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For breaking the motion of propeller fan is reversed

& reaction force decelerates the ship

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Recoiling of gun

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Airplane has landed at point A & came to halt point B

u = 400m/sec

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a = -50m/sec2

B
V= 0m/sec

U = 400 m/sec, V = 0 , a = -50m/sec2

V =u +at s =ut + at2
Time Velocity
Distance
0
400
0
1
350
375
2
300
700
3
250
975
4
200
1200
5
150
1375
6
100
1500
7
50
1575
8
0
1600
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Acc
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50

Velocty m/sec

Velocity time graph

450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0

Time in sec
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Distance meters

Distance time graph

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200 0
0

1375
1200
975
700
375

Time sec
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1600
1500 1575

Acc time graph

0

Acc m/sec^2

-10

-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Time sec

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Free fall upward motion

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g = 10m/sec2

EX 1

4.875

F23?
A force of F = 7.50 N pushes three boxes to the
left. The boxes have masses = 1.30 kg, 3.20 kg, =
4.90 kg.
What is the magnitude of the contact
force between boxes 2 and 3 (in N)?
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g = 10m/sec2

4.875

F23?
Total mass moving = 1.3 +3.2 + 4.875 =9.375 kg

.a = F/M =7.5/9.375 = 0.8m /sec2 for all masses

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g = 10m/sec2

4.875

F23?
.a = = 0.8m /sec2 for all masses
Force F23 is pushing blocks 1 & 2 = 4.5kg
F23 = f x a = 4.5 x 0.8 = 3.6 N
Find contact force between 1 & 2
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Ans = 1.04 N

Ex2

T1

.a ?

g = 10m/sec2

Masses 1.0 kg, 2.0 kg are connected by a string &

kept on a frictionless table. They are connected by
a string and pulley to a hanging mass 3.0 kg as
shown. System is released from rest .
Find acceleration of the system in m/ sec2 ?
Find tension in stirng at point 1 (T1)
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Ex2

T1

.a ?

g = 10m/sec2
F
Force acting is weight of mass m3
Net force = m3 x g = 3 x 10 = 30 N
Net moving mass = m1+ m2+ m3 = 6 Kg
Net a = F / (m1+ m2+ m3) = 30 / 6 Kg = 5m/sec2
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Ex2

T1

.a ?

g = 10m/sec2
F
Force T1 produces accn = 5m/sec2 in mass m1
T1 = m1 x 5 = 1 x 5 = 5 N
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Ex 3

You ask the talking horse, to pull a wagon. He

replies that he would be glad to, but the laws of
physics will not permit it. From Newtons 3rd
Law, if he pulls the wagon, wagon will pull him
back with equal reaction force, so the net force on
him will be zero and the wagon cannot move.
What would you reply? Explain
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Ex 3

Oily surface
When you convince him on his first point the lezzy
smart horse says the road below wheels is oily. It
will not give any reaction .Hence I am not be able
to pull the car
What would you reply? Explain
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Ex 3

Oily surface
When you convince him on his second point the
smart horse says the road below my feet is oily.
It will not give any reaction .Hence I am not be
able to pull the car
What would you reply? Explain
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An object moves with a constant velocity. Is it safe

to conclude that no forces act on the object? Why
or why not?

The constant velocity implies that the acceleration

is zero, and from Newton's 2nd Law we can infer
that the net force on the object is also
zero. However, there could be many forces acting
on the object, as long as their vector sum is zero,
leading to zero net force
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END

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Mass changing with velocity

Mass increases with velocity
However increase in mass is noticeable only
at speed comparable with light speed ie more
than 106m/sec (light speed 3 * 108 m/sec)
Formula is m = mo / 1- (v2/c2), c = velocity of
light, m= mass at velocity v, mo= rest mass
In case of atomic particles moving near to
speed the increase is mass can be measured
in lab
However Newton's law are still valid
For all normal situation mass can be
considered constant .
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