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dolomite.
Natural gas is frequently characterized in terms of its nature of occurrence
underground, as follows:
1. Non-associated. Found in reservoirs with no crude oil, and is typically richer in
CH4, poorer in heavier compounds.
2. Dissolved or associated. Gas in solution with crude oil is termed dissolved gas,
whereas the gas found in contact with the crude oil as gas cap is termed associated
gas. Typically, associated gas is poorer in CH4, but richer in heavier components.
3. Gas condensates. These gases have high amounts of hydrocarbon liquids and
may occur as gas in the reservoir.
The most desirable gas is the non-associated type, because it can be produced at high
pressure. Associated or dissolved gas is separated from the crude oil at lower
separator pressures and, therefore, entails more compression expenses. Such gas is
often flared or vented.
where
yi = mole fraction of the i-th component,
ni = number of pound-moles of i-th component, and
nc = number of components in the system.
Ideal-Gas Law
The defining properties of an ideal (or hypothetical) gas are:
1. The volume of the gas molecules is insignificant compared with the
total volume enclosing the gas.
2. No attractive or repulsive forces exist among the molecules or
between the molecules and the container walls.
3. All molecule collisions are perfectly elastic; i.e., there is no loss of
internal energy upon collision.
An equation describing the relationship between the volume occupied by
a gas and the pressure and temperature is called an equation of state
(EOS).
PV = nRT
(Z = 1.0)
Molar Volume
The concept of molar volume, Vm (Vm =V/n), is used to convert a
given mass of gas to its vapor volume at standard pressure and
temperature conditions. For a given set of standard conditions, the
molar volume is constant.
Real-Gas Behavior
The real-gas law is simply the pressure/volume relation (called
equation of state, or EOS) predicted by the ideal-gas law modified
by a correction factor that accounts for the non ideal behavior of
the gas. The real-gas law is:
PV = Z n RT
Where
Z = the z factor (dimensionless quantity)
= compressibility factor, or gas deviation factor.
Z = Vactual/Videal or
Vactual = Z Videal
All pure gases have the same Z-factor at the same values of
reduced pressure and reduced temperature. It works better for gases
of similar molecular characteristics such as paraffinic hydrocarbons.
Reduced pressure and reduced temperature for pure compounds are
defined as:
where
pc = critical pressure for a pure gas, pisa;
Tc = critical temperature for a pure gas, R;
Table 1.1 shows the physical properties of pure gases at standard
conditions.
This Law has been extended to cover mixtures of gases that are chemically
similar. Since it is difficult to obtain critical points for multicomponent
mixtures, the quantities of Ppc and Tpc have been conceived.
According to Kays mixing rule, Ppc and Tpc for gas mixtures can be
estimated as follows.
Tpc = SyiTci & Ppc = SyiPci
The pseudoreduced pressure and pseudoreduced temperature for gas
mixtures are defined as:
Tci, R
Pci, psia
Methane,
C1
0.85
343.1
667.8
Ethane,
C2
0.09
549.8
707.8
Propane,
C3
0.04
665.7
616.3
n-Butane, n-C4
0.02
765.3
550.7
Calculate:
1. Tpc and Ppc .
2. Volume occupied by 1 lb-mole of this gas at 120 F and
1,500 psia.
Where
M = apparent molecular weight of gas mixture, Ibm/lbm-mol;
Mi = molecular weight of the ith gas component, Ibm/lbm-mol; and
yi = mole fraction the gas phase of the ith component, fraction.
gg = rg/ra
Knowing that r = m /V and n = m /M, we can also express the
specific gravity of a gas mixture as:
gg = M/Mair
Where Mair = molecular weight of air = 28.9625 lbm/lbm-mole;
M = apparent molecular weight of the gas mixture, lbm/lbm- mole.
Volume%
67
Ethane, C2
Propane, C3
CO2
30
1
2
3.
4.
Practice Examples 1-1 and 1-2 in your text book for calculation of Pseudo critical
Properties for a Sweet and sour Natural Gases With the Stewart et aI. Mixing
Rules.
where
Ppch
Tpch
gh
Eqs. 1.25 and 1.26 and Fig. 1.1 are applicable for 0.57 <gh< 1.68.
If the gas contains < 12 mol% CO2, < 3 mol% N2, and no H2S, then, gh
can be determined as follows.
1. If the gas is dry ( no condensates is formed), and if the separator gas gravity
is used, then gh = gg.
2. If the gas is wet and the gravity of the wellstream fluid, gw, is computed
(with methods presented in Sec. 1.4.5.), then gh = gw.
However, if the gas contains > 12 mol% CO2, > 3 mol% N2, or any H2S,
then the hydrocarbon gas gravity should be calculated by
Note that the pseudocritical properties calculated with eqns. 1.28 and 1.29 are not
correct if the gas mixture is contaminated with nonhydrocarbon components (see
next Section).
Practice Examples 1.3 and 1.4, for sweet and sour gas, respecively, with the
Suttons method.
* Caseys method.
Practice Example 1.6.
where
VR = Volume occupied by gas at reservoir temperature and pressure and,
VSC = Volume occupied by the same mass of gas at standard conditions.
The reciprocal of the gas formation volume factor is called the gas
expansion factor and is designated by the symbol Eg
Gas Density
Gas density is defined as the mass of gas per unit volume, or simply
the reciprocal of specific volume, as follows: