SCADA FOR

SUBSTATION
Case Study in Engineering System Design

Guided by: Prof. D.A.Parikh

Prof. J.K.Chauhan

Presented by:Jasani Jenis (130070109024)

Gamit Akshay (130070109015)
Patel Vaibhav (130070109042)
Patel Chintan (130070109011)

INTRODUCTION
SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a type of industrial control
system (ICS). Industrial control systems are computer-controlled systems that
monitor and control industrial processes that exist in the physical world. SCADA
systems historically distinguish themselves from other ICS systems by being largescale processes that can include multiple sites, and large distances. These processes
include industrial, infrastructure, and facility-based processes, as described below:
Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power
generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive,
or discrete modes.
Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment and
distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical
power transmission and distribution, wind farms, civil defense siren systems, and
large communication systems.
Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including
buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor and control heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC),access, and energy consumption.

Communication Needs of Power

System

Reliability
Cost effectiveness
Capacity to handle data rates
Adequate to meet response requirements
Ability to reach identified areas of power system
Ease of operation and maintenance
Security (of data and of control actions)
Communications is the enabling technology for
Power System

Communication Reliability
Reliable communication with
respect to Exposure to severe
environment
Electromagnetic Interference
(EMI)
Transient EMI (lightning, faults)
Outage of transmission lines
Power outages
Radio paths obstructed or
attenuated (by buildings or
foliage)

Ability to Reach Areas of Power System

Difficult Terrain
Communications that rely on the power line may have difficulty
During outage of line
Extreme weather conditions
Terminal equipment in outage areas may require backup power
for long durations

Ease of Operation and Maintenance

A communications system is a complex combination of transmitters,
receivers, and data links
Manpower not trained and not familiar with communications
equipment
Personnel trained for new skills involved ?
New tools acquired ?
Use standardized components and communication protocols

Security of data and control actions

Power System communication Data
& Voice have critical importance.
Communication security is
necessity.
Your substations are an element of
the countrys critical infrastructure.
Are you sure that you are in
complete control?

Security of data and control actions

Maintaining the security
of communications
between the control
center and field devices is
one of the most urgent
problems facing todays
control environment

Common system components of

SCADA System
A humanmachine interface or HMI is the apparatus or device which
presents processed data to a human operator, and through this, the
human operator monitors and controls the process.
SCADA is used as a safety tool as in lock-out tag-out
A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the
process and sending commands (control) to the process.
Remote terminal units (RTUs) connecting to sensors in the
process, converting sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data
to the supervisory system.
Programmable logic controller (PLCs) used as field devices because they
are more economical, versatile, flexible, and configurable than specialpurpose RTUs.
Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the
remote terminal units.
Various process and analytical instrumentation

SCADA architectures

First generation: "Monolithic"

computing was done by mainframe computers. Networks did not exist at
the time SCADA was developed. Thus SCADA systems were independent
systems with no connectivity to other systems.Wide Area Networks(wan)
were later designed by RTU vendors to communicate with the RTU. The
communication protocols used were often proprietary at that time. The
first-generation SCADA system was redundant since a back-up mainframe
system was connected at the bus level and was used in the event of failure
of the primary mainframe system. Some first generation SCADA systems
were developed as "turn key" operations that ran on minicomputers like
the PDP-11 series made by the Digital Equipment Corporation These
systems were read only in the sense that they could display information
from the existing analog based control systems to individual operator
workstations but they usually didn't attempt to send control signals to
remote stations due to analog based telemetry issues and control center
management concerns with allowing direct control from computer
workstations. They would also perform alarming and logging functions and
calculate hourly and daily system commodity accounting functions.

SCADA architectures
Second generation: "Distributed"
The processing was distributed across multiple stations which were
connected through a LAN and they shared information in real time.
Each station was responsible for a particular task thus making the
size and cost of each station less than the one used in First
Generation. The network protocols used were still mostly
proprietary, which led to significant security problems for any SCADA
system that received attention from a hacker. Since the protocols
were proprietary, very few people beyond the developers and
hackers knew enough to determine how secure a SCADA installation
was. Since both parties had vested interests in keeping security
issues quiet, the security of a SCADA installation was often badly
overestimated, if it was considered at all.

SCADA architectures
Third generation: "Networked"
Fourth generation: "Internet of Things"
With the commercial availability of cloud computing, SCADA systems
have increasingly adopted Internet of Things technology to
significantly reduce infrastructure costs and increase ease of
maintenance and integration. As a result SCADA systems can now
report state in near real-time and use the horizontal scale available
in cloud environments to implement more complex control
algorithms than are practically feasible to implement on
traditional programmable logic controllers. Further, the use of open
network protocols such as TLS inherent in Internet of Things
technology provides a more readily comprehendable and
manageable security boundary than the heterogenous mix of
proprietary network protocols typical of many decentralized SCADA
implementations.

Challenges
Indian Power networks growing faster, larger & more complex.
Data communication needs to be much faster catering to
smart grid initiatives being taken up.
With faster, smarter & innovative technologies, data security
to be addressed adequately.
All radio communication to be replaced with fibre optic
network by Dec.,2011 as per GOI decision.

Future Trends
Smart grid technologies driving communication needs.
High speed fibre optic networks need of the hour.
Increasing use of internet as the mechanism for data
communication.
Main thrust on security issues with use of web based
technologies.
Introduction of Service oriented architecture(SOA) will
need high band width networks.
Growing insistence on adherence to communication
standards.
Possible application of cellular digital packet data radio
technologies.