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Principles, Applications,
and Social Implications
What is Biotechnology?
How about some definitions
General Definition
The application of technology to improve a biological
organism
Detailed Definition
The application of the technology to modify the biological
function of an organism by adding genes from another
organism
Extension
Industrial
Veterinary
Environment
NDSU
Extension
Seed shape
Smooth Wrinkled
Allele
Tall
Short
Allele
Homology Cloning
Clones transferred
to filter
Human clone
library
Mouse probe
added to filter
Complementary Genetics
1. Protein sequence is related to gene sequence
NH3+-Met-Asp-Gly--------------Trp-Ser-Lys-COOATG GAT-GCT
TGG-AGT-AAA
C
C
C
G
A
TCT
G
C
A
G
Gene Manipulation
It is now routine to isolate genes
But the target gene must be carefully chosen
Target gene is chosen based on desired phenotype
Function:
Glyphosate (RoundUp) resistance
EPSP synthase enzyme
Increased Vitamin A content
Vitamin A biosynthetic pathway enzymes
+ Glyphosate
Plant
EPSP synthase
Aromatic
amino acids
+ Glyphosate
Bacterial
EPSP synthase
Aromatic
amino acids
Phytoene
Problem:
Rice lacks
these enzymes
Phytoene desaturase
-carotene desaturase
Lycopene
Lycopene-beta-cyclase
Normal
Vitamin A
Deficient
Rice
-carotene
(vitamin A precursor)
Phytoene synthase
Phytoene
Vitamin A
Pathway
is complete
and functional
Phytoene desaturase
Single bacterial gene;
performs both functions
-carotene desaturase
Lycopene
Daffodil gene
Golden
Rice
Lycopene-beta-cyclase
-carotene
(vitamin A precursor)
Trait/Gene Examples
Gene
Trait
RoundUp Ready
Bacterial EPSP
Golden Rice
Complete Pathway
Male Sterility
Barnase
p35
Salt tolerance
AtNHX1
Resistant Transgenics
Insect Resistance
Cold Tolerance
Transgene=
Bt-toxin protein
Transgene=
CBF transcription factors
Mercury Resistance
Transgene=
Glyoxylase I
Transgene=
Mercuric ion reductase
Non-transgenics
Transgenics
Final Test
Consumer Acceptance
RoundUp Ready Corn
Before
After