ASD Vs LRFD Comparison

General Comparison between
AISC LRFD and ASD

Hamid Zand
GT STRUDL Users Group
Las Vegas, Nevada
June 22-25, 2005
AISC ASD and LRFD

AISC = American Institute of Steel
Construction
ASD
= Allowable Stress Design

AISC Ninth Edition
LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design

AISC Third Edition
2
AISC Steel Design Manuals
1963 AISC ASD 6th Edition

1986 AISC LRFD 1st Edition

1993 AISC LRFD 2nd Edition
1999 AISC LRFD 3rd Edition
3
ASD and LRFD

Major Differences
Load Combinations and load factors
ASD results are based on the stresses and
LRFD results are based on the forces and
moments capacity
Static analysis is acceptable for ASD but
nonlinear geometric analysis is required for
LRFD
Beams and flexural members
Cb computation
4
ASD Load Combinations

1.0D + 1.0L
0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75W
0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75E
D
L
W
E
=
=
=
=
dead load
live load
wind load
earthquake load
5
ASD Load Combinations

Or you can use following load combinations with the
parameter ALSTRINC to account for the 1/3 allowable
increase for the wind and seismic load
1. 1.0D + 1.0L
2. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
3. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E
PARAMETER
$ ALSTRINC based on the % increase
ALSTRINC 33.333 LOADINGS 2 3
6
LRFD Load Combinations
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L
1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L
1.2D 1.0E + 0.5L
0.9D (1.6W or 1.0E)
D
L
W
E
=
=
=
=
dead load
live load
wind load
earthquake load
7
Deflection Load Combinations

for ASD and LRFD
1.0D + 1.0L
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E
D
L
W
E
=
=
=
=
dead load
live load
wind load
earthquake load
8
Forces and Stresses

ASD
= actual stress values are

compared to the AISC
allowable stress values
LRFD = actual forces and moments

are compared to the AISC
limiting forces and moments
capacity
9
ASTM Steel Grade

Comparison is between Table 1 of the AISC ASD 9th Edition
on Page 1-7 versus Table 2-1 of the AISC LRFD 3rd Edition
on Page 2-24
A529 Gr. 42 of ASD, not available in LRFD
A529 Gr. 50 and 55 are new in LRFD
A441 not available in LRFD
A572 Gr. 55 is new in LRFD
A618 Gr. I, II, & III are new in LRFD
A913 Gr. 50, 60, 65, & 70 are new in LRFD
A992 (Fy = 50, Fu = 65) is new in LRFD (new standard)
A847 is new in LRFD
10
Slenderness Ratio
Compression
KL/r 200
Tension
L/r 300
11
Tension Members
Check L/r ratio
Check Tensile Strength based on the crosssections Gross Area
Check Tensile Strength based on the crosssections Net Area
12
Tension Members
ASD
ft = FX/Ag Ft
ft = FX/Ae Ft
Gross Area
Net Area
LRFD
Pu = FX t Pn = t Ag Fy
Pu = FX t Pn = t Ae Fu
t = 0.9 for Gross Area

t = 0.75 for Net Area
13
Tension Members
ASD
Gross Area
Net Area
LRFD
Gross Area
Net Area
(ASD Section D1)
Ft = 0.6Fy
Ft = 0.5Fu
(LRFD Section D1)
t Pn = t Fy Ag
t Pn = t Fu Ae
t = 0.9
t = 0.75
14
Compare ASD to LRFD

ASD
LRFD
1.0D + 1.0L
1.2D + 1.6L
0.6Fy (ASD) (1.5) = 0.9Fy (LRFD)

0.5Fu (ASD) (1.5) = 0.75Fu (LRFD)
ASD (1.5) = LRFD
15
Tension Members
FIXED JOINT
Y
Z
o
-400.
16
Tension Members
Member is 15 feet long
Fixed at the top of the member and free at the bottom
Loadings are:
Self weight
400 kips tension force at the free end
Load combinations based on the ASD and
LRFD codes
Steel grade is A992
Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes
17
Tension Members
ASD
W18x46
Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
W10x49
Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989

18
Tension Members
ASD
W18x46
FX = 400.688 kips
Area = 13.5 in.2

Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
W10x49
FX = 640.881 kips
Area = 14.4 in.2

Ratio = 0.989
19
Tension Members
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
640.881 / 400.688 = 1.599
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (1.5) ASD
Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD
640881
.
10
.
0.989
Area for LRFD 135
.
14.395
400.688 15
.
0.989
LRFD
W10x49
Area = 14.4 in.2

20
Tension Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and using W10x49
FX = 400.734 kips
Ratio = 0.928

640.881 / 400.734 = 1.599
640881
.
10
.
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD 0.928
0.989
400.734 15
.
LRFD
W10x49
Ratio = 0.989
21
Tension Members
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 400 kips
W18x46
LRFD
Example # 1
W10x49
Example # 2
Dead Load = 200 kips
W14x43
Code check W14x43 based on the ASD9
W14x43
22
Compression Members
Check KL/r ratio
Compute Flexural-Torsional Buckling and
Equivalent (KL/r)e
Find Maximum of KL/r and (KL/r)e
Compute Qs and Qa based on the b/t and h/tw
ratios
Based on the KL/r ratio, compute allowable
stress in ASD or limiting force in LRFD
23
Compression Members
ASD
fa = FX/Ag Fa
LRFD
Pu = FX c Pn = c Ag Fcr
Where c = 0.85
24
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios

for Compression Elements
ASD
b/t = 95 / Fy
h/tw = 253 / Fy
LRFD
b/t = 0.56 E / Fy
h/tw = 149
.
E / Fy
25

Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD
b/t = 95 / Fy
h/tw = 253 / Fy
LRFD
b/t = 95.36 / Fy
h/tw = 25374
. / Fy
26
Compression Members
ASD
KL/r Cc
(ASD E2-1 or A-B5-11)
KL / r 2
Fy
Q 1
2
2Cc
Fa
3
5 3 KL / r KL / r
3
3
8Cc
8Cc
LRFD
c Q 15
.
Fcr Q 0.658
Where
Cc
2 2 E
QFy
(LRFD A-E3-2)
Q c 2
Where
KL
c
r
Fy
E
27
Compression Members
ASD
KL/r > Cc
Fa
LRFD c
(ASD E2-2)
12 2 E
23 KL / r
Where
Q 15
.
0.877
Fcr 2 Fy
c
Cc
2 2 E
QFy
(LRFD A-E3-3)
Where
KL
c
r
Fy
E
28
Compression Members
LRFD
0.877
Fcr 2 Fy
c
0.877
Fcr
KL Fy
r E
Fcr
KL / r
Fy
E
Fy
2

0.877 2 E
2
Where
KL
c
r
Fcr
20171
. 2E
23 KL / r
29
Compression Members
ASD
Fa
LRFD
12 2 E
23 KL / r
Fcr
20171
. 2E
23 KL / r
Fcr / Fa = 1.681
LRFD Fcr = ASD Fa 1.681
30
Compression Members
ASD
K y LY K z Lz KL
KL / r
,
,

rz r e
ry
KL
W here

r e
E
Fe
(ASD C-E2-2)
LRFD
c = Maximum of ( cy , cz , e )
31
Compression Members
LRFD
Where:
cy
K y Ly
Fy
ry
Kz Lz
cz
rz
Fy
E
Fy
Fe
32
Compression Members
Flexural-Torsional Buckling
2 EC
10
.
w
Fe
GJ
2
K x L x
I y I z
33
Qs Computation
ASD
When 95 / Fy / k c b / t 195 / Fy / k c
Qs 1293
.
0.00309(b / t ) Fy / k c
kc
LRFD
4.05
h / t
0.46
if h / t 70, otherwise k c 10
.
When 056
.
E / Fy b / t 103
.
E / Fy
Qs 1415
.
0.74(b / t ) Fy / E
34
Qs Computation
ASD
When 95 / Fy / k c b / t 195 / Fy / k c
Qs 1293
.
0.00309(b / t ) Fy / k c
LRFD
When 9536
. / Fy b / t 1754
. / Fy
Qs 1415
.
0.004345(b / t ) Fy
35
Qs Computation
ASD
When b / t 195 / Fy / k c
Qs 26200k c / Fy b / t
LRFD
When b / t 103
.
E / Fy
Qs 0.69 E / Fy b / t
36
Qs Computation
ASD
When b / t 195 / Fy / k c
Qs 26200k c / Fy b / t
LRFD
When b / t 1754
. / Fy
Qs 20010 / Fy b / t
37
Qa Computation
ASD
253t
44.3
be
1
b
f (b / t ) f
LRFD
E
0.34
be 191
. t
1
f (b / t )
Assume E 29000 ksi ,
E
b
f
325.26t
57.9
be
1
f (b / t ) f
38
Compression Members
o -100.
Y
Z
FIXED JOINT
39
Compression Members
Fixed at the bottom of the column and free at the top
Loadings are:
Self weight
100 kips compression force at the free end
LRFD codes
Steel grade is A992
40
Compression Members
ASD
W10x49
LRFD
W10x54

41
Compression Members
ASD
W10x49
FX = 100.734 kips
Area = 14.4 in.2

Ratio = 0.941
LRFD
W10x54
FX = 160.967 kips
Area = 15.8 in.2

Ratio = 0.944
42
Compression Members
160.967 / 100.734 = 1.598
LRFD Fcr = (1.681) ASD Fa
Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD
Area for LRFD 14.4
LRFD
160.967
10
.
10
.
0.941
16.05
100.734 1681
.
085
.
0.944
W10x54
Area = 15.8 inch

43
Compression Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and use W10x54
FX = 100.806 kips
Ratio = 0.845

160.967 / 100.806 = 1.597
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD 0845
.
LRFD
W10x54
160.967
10
.
10
.
0.944
100806
.
1681
.
085
.
Ratio = 0.944
44
Compression Members
ASD
Example # 1
W10x49
LRFD
Example # 1
W10x54
Example # 2
Dead Load = 50 kips
Live Load = 50 kips
W10x49
W10x49
45
Flexural Members
Based on the b/t and h/tw ratios determine the compactness of
the cross-section
Classify flexural members as Compact, Noncompact, or
Slender
When noncompact section in ASD, allowable stress Fb is
computed based on the l/rt ratio. l is the laterally unbraced
length of the compression flange. Also, Cb has to be computed
When noncompact or slender section in LRFD, LTB, FLB,
and WLB are checked
LTB for noncompact or slender sections is computed using Lb
and Cb. Lb is the laterally unbraced length of the compression
flange
46
Flexural Members
ASD
fb = MZ/SZ Fb
LRFD
Mu = MZ b Mn
Where b = 0.9
47

ASD
b / t 65 / Fy
d / t w 640 / Fy
LRFD
b / t 0.38 E / Fy
h / t w 376
.
E / Fy
b / t 64.7 / Fy
h / t w 640.3 / Fy
48
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
(ASD F1-1)
Fb = 0.66Fy
LRFD
(LRFD A-F1-1)
b Mn = b Mp = b Fy ZZ 1.5Fy SZ
Where b = 0.9
49
-15.00
Flexural Members
Compact Section
FIXED JOINT
Y
Z
-15.00
Braced at 1/3 Points

o
FIXED JOINT
50
Flexural Members
Compact Section
Fixed at both ends of the member
Loadings are:
Self weight
15 kips/ft uniform load
LRFD codes
Steel grade is A992
Braced at the 1/3 Points
51
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
W18x40
LRFD
W18x40

52
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
W18x40
MZ = 2165.777 inch-kips
Sz = 68.4 in.3
Ratio = 0.959
LRFD
W18x40
Zz = 78.4 in.3
Ratio = 0.982
53
Flexural Members
Compact Section
3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
LRFD = (0.66Sz)(1.5989) / (0.9Zz) ASD
Zz for LRFD 68.4 3462.933 0.66 0.959 78.3
2165.777
LRFD
W18x40
0.9
0.982
Zz = 78.4 in.3
54
Flexural Members
Compact Section
Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40
Ratio = 0.959

3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD 0.959
LRFD
W18x40
3462.933 0.66 68.4
0.981
2165.777 0.9 78.4
Ratio = 0.982
55
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 15 kips/ft
W18x40
LRFD
Example # 1
W18x40
Example # 2
Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft
Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft
W18x40
W18x40
56
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
Based on b/t, d/tw and h/tw determine if the section is
noncompact
Compute Cb
Compute Qs
Based on the l/rt ratio, compute allowable stress Fb
Laterally unbraced length of the compression flange (l)
has a direct effect on the equations of the noncompact
section
57
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
fb = MZ/SZ Fb
LRFD
Mu = MZ b Mn
Where b = 0.9
58

ASD
65
Fy b t 95
d t w 640
Fy
Fy
h t w 760
Fb
LRFD
0.38 E Fy b / t 083
.
E FL
376
.
E Fy h t w 57
. E Fy
59

ASD
65
Fy b t 95
d t w 640
Fy
Fy
h t w 760
Fb
LRFD
64.7 / Fy b / t 1413
. / FL
640.3 / Fy h t w 970.7 / Fy
60
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
bf
Fb Fy 0.79 0.002
2t f
If
76b f
Lb Lc minimum
F
y
or
Fy
(ASD F1-3)
20000
d A f Fy
(ASD F1-2)
ASD Equations F1-6, F1-7, and F1-8 must to be checked.
61
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
When
102 10 3 Cb
510 10 3 Cb
l
Fy
rT
Fy
2
2
Fy l / rT
Fy 0.6Fy Qs
Fb
3
3 1530 10 Cb
(ASD F1-6)
62
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
When
510 10 3 Cb
l
rT
Fy
Fb
170 10 3 Cb
l / rT
0.6Fy Qs
(ASD F1-7)
63
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
For any value of l/rT
12 10 3 Cb
Fb
0.6Fy Qs
ld / A f
(ASD F1-8)
64
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
1.
2.
3.
LTB, Lateral-Torsional Buckling

FLB, Flange Local Buckling
WLB, Web Local Buckling
65
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
LTB
FLB
Compute Cb
Based on the Lb, compute limiting moment capacity. Lb is
the lateral unbraced length of the compression flange,
= Lb/ry
Lb has a direct effect on the LTB equations for noncompact
and slender sections
Compute limiting moment capacity based on the b/t ratio of
the flange, = b/t
WLB
Compute limiting moment capacity based on the h/tw ratio

of the web, = h/tw
66
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
LTB
For p < r
(Table A-F1.1)
p
M p
M n Cb M p M p M r
(LRFD A-F1-2)
r p
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = FLSz
FL = Smaller of (Fyf Fr) or Fyw
= Lb/ry
.
E Fyf
p = 176
67
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
LTB
(Table A-F1.1)
Where:
r
X1
1 1 X 2 FL2
=
FL
X1 =
Sz
EGJA
2
C S
X2 = 4 w z
I y GJ
68
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
For
FLB
(Table A-F1.1)
p < r
p

M n M p M p M r
r p
(LRFD A-F1-3)
Where:
Mp
Mr
p
r
=
=
=
=
=
Fy Zz 1.5Fy Sz
FLSz
b/t
FL = Smaller of (Fyf Fr) or Fyw
0.38 E Fy
0.83 E FL
69
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
WLB
For p < r
(Table A-F1.1)
p

M n M p M p M r
r p
(LRFD A-F1-3)
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = Re Fy Sz
Re = 1.0
for non-hybrid girder
70
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
WLB
(Table A-F1.1)
= h/tw
.
E Fy
p = 376
= 57
. E Fy
71
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
Cb 175
. 105
. M 1 M 2 0.3 M1 M 2 2.3
2
M1 M 2
If M max between M1 and M 2 , Cb 10
.
LRFD
Cb
2.5 M max
12.5 M max
3M A 4 M B 3MC
M A absolute value of moment at quarter point

M B absolute value of moment at centerline
M C absolute value of moment at three quarter point
72
-12.00
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
Pin
Y
Z
-12.00
o
Roller
73
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section

Pin at the start of the member
Roller at the end of the member
Cross-section is W12x65
Loadings are:
Self weight
Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
Steel grade is A992
Check code based on the ASD and LRFD codes
74
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
W12x65
Cb = 1.0
LRFD
W12x65
Cb = 1.136
Code check is controlled by FLB.
Cb = 1.0
75
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
Example # 1
W12x65
LRFD
Example # 1
W12x65
Example # 2
Dead Load = 6 kips/ft
W12x65
W12x65
76
Design for Shear

h / t w 380
ASD
Fy
fv = FY/Aw Fv = 0.4Fy
LRFD
(ASD F4-1)
h / t w 2.45 E / Fyw
Vu = FY vVn = v0.6Fyw Aw
(LRFD F2-1)
Where v = 0.9
77
Design for Shear

ASD
h / t w 380 Fy
fv = FY/Aw Fv = 0.4Fy
LRFD
(ASD F4-1)
h / t w 417.2 / Fyw
Vu = FY vVn = v0.6Fyw Aw
(LRFD F2-1)
Where v = 0.9
78
Design for Shear

ASD
h / t w 380
Fy
fv = FY/Ay Fv
LRFD
Fy
2.89
Cv
0.4 Fy
(ASD F4-2)
2.45 E / Fyw h / t w 307

.
E / Fyw
2.45 E / Fyw
Vu = FY vVn = v 0.6Fyw Aw
h / tw
(LRFD F2-2)
Where v = 0.9
79
Design for Shear

LRFD
307
.
E / Fyw h / t w 260
4.52 E
Vu = FY vVn = v Aw
2
h / t w
(LRFD F2-3)
Where v = 0.9
80
-15.00
Design for Shear
FIXED JOINT
Y
Z
-15.00
Braced at 1/3 Points

o
FIXED JOINT
81
Design for Shear

Same as example # 3 which is used for design of flexural
member with compact section
Fixed at both ends of the member
Loadings are:
Self weight
Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
Steel grade is A992
Braced at the 1/3 Points
82
Design for Shear

ASD
W18x40
LRFD
W18x40
(Check shear at the end of the member, equation F4-1 Y)

(Check shear at the end of the member, equation A-F2-1 Y)

83
Design for Shear

ASD
W18x40
FY = 90.241 kips
Ay = 5.638 in.2
Ratio = 0.8
LRFD
W18x40
FY = 144.289 kips
Ay = 5.638 in.2
Ratio = 0.948
84
Design for Shear

Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40
FY = 90.241 kips
Ratio = 0.8
144.289 / 90.241 = 1.5989
LRFD = (0.4)(1.5989) /(0.6)(0.9) ASD
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD 08
.
LRFD
W18x40
144.289 0.4 10
.
0.948
90.241 0.6 0.9
Ratio = 0.948
85
Design for Shear

ASD
Example # 1
W18x40
LRFD
Example # 1
W18x40
Example # 2
Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft
Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft
W18x40
W18x40
86
Combined Forces
ASD
fa /Fa > 0.15
Cmy f by
fa
Cmz f bz
10
.
Fa
fa
fa
1
Fby 1
Fez
Fey
f by
fa
f
bz 10
.
0.6Fy Fby Fbz
LRFD
(ASD H1-1)
(ASD H1-2)
Pu /Pn 0.2
Pu
M uz
8 M uy
10

.
Pn 9 b M ny b M nz
(LRFD H1-1a)
87
Combined Forces
ASD
fa /Fa 0.15
f by
fa
f bz
10
.
Fa Fby Fbz
LRFD
(ASD H1-1)
Pu /Pn < 0.2
M uy
Pu
M uz
10

.
2Pn b M ny b M nz
(LRFD H1-1a)
88
Combined Forces
Y
Z
89
Combined Forces
3D Simple Frame
3 Bays in X direction
2 Bays in Z direction
2 Floors in Y direction
3 @ 15 ft
2 @ 30 ft
2 @ 15 ft
Loadings
Self weight of the Steel

Self weight of the Slab
Other dead loads
Live load on second floor
Live load on roof
Wind load in the X direction
Wind load in the Z direction
62.5
15.0
50.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
psf
psf
psf
psf
psf
psf
90
Combined Forces
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units
Weight Unit = KIP
Length Unit = INCH
>
<
>
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE
>
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members
>
<
>
< Profile Names
Total Length
Total Volume
Total Weight
# of Members >
< W10x33
2.1600E+03
2.0974E+04
5.9418E+00
12
>
< W12x58
1.4400E+03
2.4480E+04
6.9352E+00
4
>
< W12x65
1.4400E+03
2.7504E+04
7.7919E+00
4
>
< W12x72
2.1600E+03
4.5576E+04
1.2912E+01
12
>
< W6x9
3.2400E+03
8.6832E+03
2.4600E+00
18
>
< W8x40
1.4400E+03
1.6848E+04
4.7730E+00
4
>
< W8x48
1.4400E+03
2.0304E+04
5.7521E+00
4
>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS
WEIGHT KIP
LENGTH INCH
>
<
>
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS
>
<
>
< LENGTH =
1.3320E+04
WEIGHT =
4.6566E+01
VOLUME =
1.6437E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
91
Combined Forces
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units
Weight Unit = KIP
Length Unit = INCH
>
<
>
>
>
<
>
< Profile Names
Total Length
Total Volume
Total Weight
# of Members >
< W10x33
3.6000E+03
3.4956E+04
9.9030E+00
16
>
< W10x39
1.4400E+03
1.6560E+04
4.6914E+00
4
>
< W10x49
7.2000E+02
1.0368E+04
2.9373E+00
4
>
< W12x45
1.4400E+03
1.9008E+04
5.3850E+00
4
>
< W6x9
3.2400E+03
8.6832E+03
2.4600E+00
18
>
< W8x31
1.4400E+03
1.3147E+04
3.7246E+00
4
>
< W8x40
1.4400E+03
1.6848E+04
4.7730E+00
8
>
<
>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS
WEIGHT KIP
LENGTH INCH
>
<
>
>
<
>
< LENGTH =
1.3320E+04
WEIGHT =
3.3874E+01
VOLUME =
1.1957E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
92
Combined Forces
ASD
WEIGHT = 46.566 kips
LRFD
93
Deflection Design
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units
Weight Unit = KIP
Length Unit = INCH
>
<
>
>
>
<
>
< Profile Names
Total Length
Total Volume
Total Weight
# of Members >
< W10x33
2.1600E+03
2.0974E+04
5.9418E+00
12
>
< W12x58
1.4400E+03
2.4480E+04
6.9352E+00
4
>
< W12x65
1.4400E+03
2.7504E+04
7.7919E+00
4
>
< W12x72
2.1600E+03
4.5576E+04
1.2912E+01
12
>
< W14x43
1.4400E+03
1.8144E+04
5.1402E+00
4
>
< W14x48
1.4400E+03
2.0304E+04
5.7521E+00
4
>
< W6x9
3.2400E+03
8.6832E+03
2.4600E+00
18
>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS
WEIGHT KIP
LENGTH INCH
>
<
>
>
<
>
< LENGTH =
1.3320E+04
WEIGHT =
4.6933E+01
VOLUME =
1.6566E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
94
Deflection Design
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units
Weight Unit = KIP
Length Unit = INCH
>
<
>
>
>
<
>
< Profile Names
Total Length
Total Volume
Total Weight
# of Members >
< W10x33
2.1600E+03
2.0974E+04
5.9418E+00
12
>
< W10x49
1.4400E+03
2.0736E+04
5.8745E+00
8
>
< W10x54
7.2000E+02
1.1376E+04
3.2228E+00
4
>
< W12x40
1.4400E+03
1.6992E+04
4.8138E+00
4
>
< W14x43
2.8800E+03
3.6288E+04
1.0280E+01
8
>
< W14x48
1.4400E+03
2.0304E+04
5.7521E+00
4
>
< W6x9
3.2400E+03
8.6832E+03
2.4600E+00
18
>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS
WEIGHT KIP
LENGTH INCH
>
<
>
>
<
>
< LENGTH =
1.3320E+04
WEIGHT =
3.8345E+01
VOLUME =
1.3535E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
95
Deflection Design
ASD
LRFD
96
Compare Design without and with

Deflection Design
ASD
Without Deflection Design
With Deflection Design

LRFD
Without Deflection Design
With Deflection Design

97
Design same example based on

Cb = 1.0
Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0
ASD
Compute Cb
Specify Cb = 1.0

LRFD
Compute Cb
Specify Cb = 1.0

98
Design Similar example based on

Cb = 1.0 and LL5
Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 and increase the live
load by a factor of 5.
Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.
ASD
LRFD

Difference = 3.041 kips
99
Design Similar example based on

Cb = 1.0 and LL10
Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 and increase the live
load by a factor of 10.
Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.
ASD
LRFD

Difference = 1.971 kips
100
Stiffness Analysis
versus
Nonlinear Analysis
Stiffness Analysis Load Combinations or Form
Loads can be used.
Nonlinear Analysis Form Loads must be used.
Load Combinations are not valid.
Nonlinear Analysis Specify type of Nonlinearity.
Nonlinear Analysis Specify Maximum Number of
Cycles.
Nonlinear Analysis Specify Convergence
Tolerance.
101
Nonlinear Analysis
Commands
NONLINEAR EFFECT
TENSION ONLY
COMPRESSION ONLY
GEOMETRY AXIAL
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES

CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
102
Design using Nonlinear Analysis

Input File # 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Geometry, Material Type, Properties,

Loading SW, LL, and WL
FORM LOAD A FROM SW 1.4
FORM LOAD B FROM SW 1.2 LL 1.6
FORM LOAD C FROM SW 1.2 WL 1.6 LL 0.5
FORM LOAD D FROM SW 0.9 WL 1.6
DEFINE PHYSICAL MEMBERS
PARAMETERS
MEMBER CONSTRAINTS
LOAD LIST A B C D $ Activate only the FORM loads
STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
SAVE
103

Input File # 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
RESTORE
LOAD LIST A B C D
SELECT MEMBERS
SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS
DELETE LOADINGS A B C D
SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE
LOAD LIST A B C D
STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
CHECK MEMBERS
STEEL TAKE OFF
SAVE
104

Input File # 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
RESTORE
LOAD LIST A B C D
SELECT MEMBERS
SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS
DELETE LOADINGS A B C D
SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE
105

Input File # 3 (continue)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
NONLINEAR EFFECT
GEOMETRY ALL MEMBERS
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE DISPLACEMENT
LOAD LIST A B C D
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
CHECK MEMBERS
STEEL TAKE OFF
SAVE
106
General Comparison between AISC

LRFD and ASD
Questions
107

ASD Vs LRFD Comparison

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ASD Vs LRFD Comparison

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General Comparison between

AISC LRFD and ASD

AISC ASD and LRFD

= Allowable Stress Design

LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design

AISC Steel Design Manuals

1963 AISC ASD 6th Edition

1986 AISC LRFD 1st Edition

ASD and LRFD

ASD Load Combinations

ASD Load Combinations

LRFD Load Combinations

Deflection Load Combinations

Forces and Stresses

= actual stress values are

LRFD = actual forces and moments

ASTM Steel Grade

t = 0.9 for Gross Area

(ASD Section D1)

Compare ASD to LRFD

0.6Fy (ASD) (1.5) = 0.9Fy (LRFD)

Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989

Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989

Area = 13.5 in.2

Area = 14.4 in.2

Area = 14.4 in.2

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989

Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios

Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios

(ASD E2-1 or A-B5-11)

Assume E 29000 ksi ,

Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941

Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.944

Area = 14.4 in.2

Area = 15.8 in.2

Area = 15.8 inch

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios

Assume E = 29000 ksi

Braced at 1/3 Points

Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.959

Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.982

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

3462.933 0.66 68.4

Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios

Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios

ASD Equations F1-6, F1-7, and F1-8 must to be checked.

LTB, Lateral-Torsional Buckling

Compute limiting moment capacity based on the h/tw ratio

FL = Smaller of (Fyf Fr) or Fyw

for non-hybrid girder

M A absolute value of moment at quarter point

Member is 12 feet long

Design for Shear

Design for Shear

Design for Shear

2.45 E / Fyw h / t w 307

Design for Shear

Design for Shear

Braced at 1/3 Points

Design for Shear

Design for Shear