f t

f imp t

t nT

2B

2B
t

f nT t nT

2B 2B

t
r t rect
T
T 2

T 2

2
T

T
t

PAM t f s t r t

2
T

2
T

2n

1
2n
F

T n
T

T
R Tsinc

FPAM Fs R

2
T

1
2n
F
R
T n
T

f nT r t nT

1
Fs
F Fimp
2

f s t f t f imp t

2B
2
Fimp
T

0
PAM-PCM

12/12/57

Low Pass

Band Pass

1
2n
Fs F

T n
T

1
F
T

; n 0Lowpass

FPAM Fs R
0
T
T
*make sure that Sinc function
is big and flat by reduce time

1
2n
F
R
T n
T

n 0;

1
F R
T

By using very narrow

t
rect
T

t
0.1
T

PAM-PCM

12/12/57

f1 t

LPF

Sampler

PAM1

Pulse
generator
Clock

switch
Pulse
generator

f 2 t

LPF

Sampler

PAM-TDM before filtering

LPF

PAM-TDM to the
transmission line

PAM2

Switch : determining the synchronization and sequence of the channels

Clock : determine the timing of the overall system
Pulse generator : produces narrow rectangular pulses to drive the sampler
PAM-PCM

12/12/57

Tx

T
2

Two signal are sampled equally

Tx=the time interval between adjacent channels or samples

For n channel

T
Tx
n

Nyquist interval
for one signal

PAM-PCM

12/12/57

Tx

Tx

S1 S2 S3 S4

1
Tx
2 BF

-BF

BF

1
BF
2Tx

With condition of equal BW and sampling equally

therefore the Total BW Requirement is n x BW
If BW of each channel is not equal
Therefore the Total BW Requirement is n x largest BW

PAM-PCM

12/12/57

Advantages
Immunity to noise : with some amount of noise digital can
withstand while analog failed to provide virtually error free
transmission.
Reduce signal to noise ratio
Error control coding ; parity check, Hamming code make more
reliable
Signal can be completely regenerated at intermediate
regenerator for long haul system.
More compatible with computer system for signal processing
and digital memories for data storage.
More elaborate code can be used.
Ideal for integrated services digital network (ISDN)

PAM-PCM

12/12/57

m(t) is sampled, each sample value is rounded off

to the nearest allowable value. This value is
digitally encoded as a sequence of binary digits
There are three process of Digitization
1. Sampling
2. Quantization (devide into level of voltage)
The approximation of amplitude value of sinal m(t)
into one of M discrete quantized values
3. Encoding
Each quantization level is encoded into N binary
digits

M 2N
Where

N log 2 M

N is the number of binary digit per code word

M is the number of quantization level
PAM-PCM

12/12/57

2V
M
v
V

Where

M = no. of steps
v = quantization step

-V

M Steps

Sampling Signal
t
PAM-PCM

12/12/57

v
2
0

v
2

Quantization Noise

Uniform distribution

1
v
v
2

et f t f Q t

v
2

v
2

v
v
et
2
2

PAM-PCM

12/12/57

10

SignalPower
SNR Q
ErrorSignalPower

1
P lim f 2 t dt
T T

The average power

T 2

1
2
t dt
e t
e

T T 2
2

1
v
v
2

Time average

v 2 pv dv

Continuous RV

v
2

time

PAM-PCM

12/12/57

11

v 2

v 2

1
1 v
e t v
dv

v
3 v 2
v 2
2

1 v 3 v 3

3v 8
8
f 2 t

v 2

12

12 2
2V
SNR Q
2 f t ; v
2
M
e t v
12
2 2

M
f t
2
4V

3M 2 f 2 t 3M 2

2
V

where

PAM-PCM

V2
f 2 t
12/12/57

PeakPower
AvgPower
12

SNR Q
In dB

3M 2

SNR Q 10 log10 3 20 log10 M 10 log10 (dB)

4.77 20 log10 M 10 log10 (dB)

Encoding : each quantization level is encoded into N binary digit

M 2N
log 10 a
log b a
log 10 b

N log 2 M

No.of level

No.of binary digit

per code word
PAM-PCM

12/12/57

13

MAN

voice

time

3.1k

300

0 300

3.4k

Fs 8kHz

WOMAN

Nyquist

(2x3.4k=6.8k)

Fs 8kHz

500 800

3.4k

1
125 sec
8kHz

Each sample is quantized and encoded into 8 bits

1
488.25n sec
32 64k
1channel = 8 bits therefore 8 x 488.25nsec = 3.9 sec
Bit rate = Fs x 8 = 64kbps ; with 32 channels

Total bit length = 8 bit x 32 channels = 256 bits

Bit Length
256
DataRate

2.048 Mbps
Propagatio nTime 125 sec
PAM-PCM

12/12/57

14