Bearing Basics

Bearing Basics
SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute
What is a Bearing Used for?
Designed to:
l Reduce friction
l Carry loads
l Guide moving parts
Rolling and Sliding Friction

Plain bearings:
sliding friction
Rolling bearings:
rolling friction
Component Parts of a Ball Bearing
Seal
Rolling elements
Outer ring
Inner ring
Cage
Seal
Roller and Ball Raceway Contact
Roller and Ball Bearings in Road Transport
Axial, Radial and Combined Loads

Radial load
Fr
Axial load
Fa
Combined load
Roller Types
Ball
Spherical roller
(symmetrical)
Taper roller
Cylindrical roller
Needle roller
Spherical roller
(asymmetrical)
The Principle SKF Rolling Bearing Range

Ball bearings
Roller bearings
Ball and Roller Bearing Ranges
Ball bearings
Deep groove Angular
contact
Self-aligning
Roller bearings
Cylindrical Taper
Needle
Spherical
Load Capabilities
Load carrying capacity
is expressed as the basic
dynamic load rating
Relative Speed Limitations

r/min
Oil lubrication
speed rating
Grease lubrication
speed rating
Bearing
speed limit
Ball Bearing Capabilities

Deep groove
Angular contact
Self-aligning
Radial load
Axial load
Speed
Accommodates
carrying capacity
carrying capacity
capability
misalignment
Cylindrical Roller Bearing Variants

NU
NJ
NU+HJ
NUP
l
More and larger

rollers
Logarithmic contact
profile plus optimised
surface finish
Improved roller
end/flange contact
geometry
3 cage variants:
steel, polyamide, brass
NJ+HJ
Taper Roller Bearing Capabilities

Optimised
SKF design
Logarithmic contact
profile plus optimised
surface finish increases
service life
Improved roller
end/flange contact
greatly reduces friction
Optimum utilisation of
cross section
Spherical Roller Bearing Capabilities
Symmetrical rollers
provide maximum life
under any conditions
Floating guide ring

gives minimum friction
and helps ensure
reliable operation
Window-type steel cages

strong and tolerant to
high temperatures
Y-Bearing Unit Capabilities
l Accommodate initial alignment errors

l Provide economic bearing arrangements
l Simple to mount
l Incorporates seals
CARB Toroidal Roller Bearing Capabilities
Accommodates shaft
misalignment to maximise
service life
Axial displacement
capability minimises
friction
High radial carrying

capacity increases
reliability
Thrust Bearing Capabilities

Thrust ball bearing:
single direction

single direction with
sphered housing washer

double direction with
sphered housing washers
Cylindrical roller
thrust bearing:
single direction

double direction
Spherical roller
thrust bearing
Rolling Bearings are Precision Products

How much is a ?
A
human
hair
Precision
bearing
Normal
Standard
0/-15 m
P6
0/-12 m
High precision
bearing
P6
SP
P4A
UP
0/-9 m
0/-7 m
PA9A
PA9B
0/-2,5 m
1
Tolerance
classes
0,06 mm
Down-Sizing SKF Bearings

Mass (kg)
Function of the Cage
Prevent immediate contact between

rolling elements to minimize friction
and heat generation
Guide the rolling elements
Provide space for lubricant
Retain the rolling elements when

bearings of separable design
are mounted or dismounted
Cage Variants
Polyamide
cage
Window-type
sheet steel cage
Window-type
solid brass cage
Polyamide Cages
Lightweight
High elasticity
Good sliding properties
Good marginal
lubrication properties
Operating temperature
< +120 C
Window Type Sheet Steel Cages
Lightweight
High strength
No operating
temperature limit
High vibration and

acceleration resistance
Sensitive to
poor lubrication
Window Type Solid Brass Cages
Very high strength
Very high vibration and

acceleration resistance
Suitable for very high

speed in connection
with circulating oil
Relatively (very)
expensive
Internal Clearances
Radial
clearance
Axial
clearance
Internal Radial Clearance

COLD
Reduced
radial
clearance
Compression
Expansion
Clearance range
C1 Clearance less than C2
C2 Clearance less than Normal

C3 Clearance grater than Normal
C4 Clearance grater than C3
C5 Clearance grater than C4
WARM
Effect of Internal Preload and Clearance on

Bearing Life
Relative basic rating life L10, %
Preloading
Clearance
Load Distribution due to Clearance Changes
Correct Fits
Tolerance range for bearings

manufactured to ISO
Types of Rotation
Effect of Loose Fit
n = 3 000 r/min
10 hours/day
30 days
0,013 3,142 3000 10 30 60
Relative
position =
1 000 1 000
= 2,2 km (1,4 miles)
Axial Location of Rolling Bearings
Axial Freedom in a Fan
Minimum Load
Minimum
load
Rotation
Bearing Life
Bearing Fatigue Failure
Load Capacity
Basic dynamic load rating C
The ISO life equation
L10 = basic rating life, millions of

revolutions
C = basic dynamic load rating, N
P = equivalent dynamic bearing load, N
p = exponent of the life equation
With the load P = C
the L10 life will be 1 million revolutions
Basic static load rating C0
The static safety factor
s0 = static safety factor

P0 = equivalent static bearing load, N
C0 = basic static load rating, N
With the load P0 = C0

the static safety factor s0 will be 1
Bearing Load
Load P
Load P
Finite life
Infinite life
PU
Life
Life
Service life:
The actual life achieved by the bearing before it fails.
Bearing Selection Factors

Available space
Speed
Load/Direction
Misalignment
Life
Operating conditions
Example: Catalogue Selection
With one Z shield

bearings with
D 110 mm
Principal
dimensions
Dynamic load ratings

dynamic
static
mm
C0
Speed ratings
Lubrication
grease oil
Mass
Designations
Bearings with
one shield two shields
r/min
kg
25
47
52
62
12
15
17
11 200
14 000
22 500
6 550
7 800
11 600
275
335
490
15 000
12 000
11 000
18 000
15 000
14 000
0,080
0,13
0,23
6005-Z
6205-Z
6305-Z
6005-2Z
6205-2Z
6305-2Z
30
55
62
72
13
16
19
13 300
19 500
28 100
8 300
11 200
16 000
355
475
670
12 000
10 000
9 000
15 000
13 000
11 000
0,12
0,20
0,35
6006-Z
6206-Z
6306-Z
6006-2Z
6206-2Z
6306-2Z
35
62
72
80
14
17
21
15 900
25 500
33 200
10 200
15 300
19 000
440
655
815
10 000
9 000
8 500
13 000
11 000
10 000
0,16
0,29
0.46
6007-Z
6207-Z
6307-Z
6007-2Z
6207-2Z
6307-2Z
40
68
80
90
15
18
23
16 800
30 700
41 000
11 600
19 000
14 000
490
800
1 020
9 500
8 500
7 500
12 000
10 000
9 000
0,19
0,37
0,63
6008-Z
6208-Z
6308-Z
6008-2Z
6208-2Z
6308-2Z
45
75 16
85 19
100 25
20 800
33 200
52 700
14 600
21 600
31 500
640
915
1 340
9 000
7 500
6 700
11 000
9 000
8 000
0,25
0,41
0,83
6009-Z
6209-Z
6309-Z
6009-2Z
6209-2Z
6309-2Z
bearings with
D > 110 mm
With two Z shield

bearings with
D 110 mm
Fatigue
load
limit
Pu
bearings with
D > 110 mm
Lubrication Requirements
Paper
Oil films
Oil film
0,11 m
Oil or Grease Selection Factors
Heat Treatments
Advantages
Martensite hardening
Bainitic hardening
Less costly
Tough structure
Fixture can be used to

reduce distortion
Automatic dimensional
stability
Case hardening
Hard surface and soft core
resists through cracking
Highest compressive
residual surface stresses
Compressive residual
surface stresses
Disadvantages
Martensite hardening
Highest risk of propagation
of surface cracks
Bainitic hardening
Somewhat more costly
than martensite
Lower hardness
Case hardening
Time consuming and
costly process
Dimensional Stability
Change in diameter (m/100 mm)
Martensite
Bainite
Hours
Holding time at 200 C (392 F)

Classification of Dimensional Stability

Stabilisation
class
Operating
temperature
Hardness
HRC
SN
up to 120 C (248 F)
59 to 63
S0
up to 150 C (302 F)
58 to 62
S1
up to 200 C (392 F)
57 to 61
S2
up to 250 C (482 F)
56 to 60
S3
up to 300 C (572 F)
54 to 58
S4
up to 350 C (662 F)
50 to 54
Hardening Processes: Effects

Martensite
hardening
Standard applications
Standard bearings
Bainite
hardening
Heavily loaded bearings

Spherical roller bearings
Case
hardening
Extreme heavily loaded bearings (+ shock loads)

Large size bearings
Specific applications
Bearings fitted with loose fit (rolling mills)
Surface
hardening
Specific applications
Hub units, slewing rings
Effects of Different
Heat Treatments
Martensite-hardened material
(through hardening
Bainite-hardened material
(through hardening
Tensile stresses 50 100 MPa
Compressive stresses 50 100 MPa
60 HRC
59 HRC
59 HRC
58 HRC
Case-hardened material
Compressive stresses 200 400 MPa
: Tensile
stresses
60 HRC
35 HRC
: Compressive
stresses

Bearing Basics

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Bearing Basics

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Bearing Basics

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

What is a Bearing Used for?

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Rolling and Sliding Friction

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Component Parts of a Ball Bearing

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Roller and Ball Raceway Contact

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Roller and Ball Bearings in Road Transport

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Axial, Radial and Combined Loads

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

The Principle SKF Rolling Bearing Range

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Ball and Roller Bearing Ranges

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Relative Speed Limitations

Ball Bearing Capabilities

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Cylindrical Roller Bearing Variants

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

More and larger

Taper Roller Bearing Capabilities

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Spherical Roller Bearing Capabilities

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Floating guide ring

Window-type steel cages

Y-Bearing Unit Capabilities

l Accommodate initial alignment errors

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

CARB Toroidal Roller Bearing Capabilities

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

High radial carrying

Thrust Bearing Capabilities

Thrust ball bearing:

Thrust ball bearing:

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Thrust ball bearing:

Rolling Bearings are Precision Products

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Down-Sizing SKF Bearings

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Function of the Cage

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Prevent immediate contact between

Guide the rolling elements

Provide space for lubricant

Retain the rolling elements when

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Good sliding properties

Window Type Sheet Steel Cages

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

High vibration and

Window Type Solid Brass Cages

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

Very high strength

Very high vibration and

Suitable for very high

Internal Radial Clearance