SPEED CHECKER TO DETECT

RASH DRIVING ON HIGHWAYS

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ABSTRACT
The system basically comprises two laser IR sensor
pairs, which are installed oppositely on the highway.
This sensed speed is fed to the Microcontroller which
displays the time taken by the vehicle in crossing the
required distance from one pair to the other from and
also the speed of the vehicle.
In case the vehicle speed crosses the limits a buzzer
gives beeps to indicate that the vehicle has crossed
the speed limit. A relay is also activated when any
vehicle crosses the speed limit.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

TRANSFORMER (230 12 V AC)

VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)
RECTIFIER
FILTER
MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)
IR LEDs
PHOTODIODES
LCD
PIEZO-BUZZER
RELAY
BC547
LED
1N4007
RESISTORS
CAPACITORS

POWER SUPPLY
230 V AC
50 Hz

12V step down

transformer

Bridge rectifier

Filter(470f)

5v Regulator

5V DC

DESCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY

The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a

step-down transformer from 230v to 12v and 4 diodes
forming a Bridge Rectifier that delivers pulsating dc
which is then filtered by an electrolytic capacitor of about
470microf to 100microF.
The filtered dc being un regulated IC LM7805 is used to
get 5v constant at its pin no 3 irrespective of input dc
varying from 9v to 14v.
The regulated 5volts dc is further filtered by a small
electrolytic capacitor of 10 micro f for any noise so
generated by the circuit.
One LED is connected of this 5v point in series with a
resistor of 330ohms to the ground i.e. negative voltage
to indicate 5v power supply availability.

MICROCONTROLLER

It is a smaller computer
Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...

CPU

I/O
Port

RAM ROM
Serial
Timer COM
Port

A single chip
Microcontroller

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A MICRO

CONTROLLER-AT89S52/51
External interrupts
Interrup
t
Control

On-chip
ROM for
program
code

Timer/Counter

On-chip
RAM

Timer 1
Timer 0

CPU

OSC

Bus
Control

4 I/O Ports

P0 P1 P2 P3

Address/Data

Serial
Port

TxD RxD

Counter
Inputs

MICROCONTROLLER(AT89S52)

Compatible with MCS-51 Products

8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP)
Flash Memory
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Fast Programming Time

PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52

PHOTO DIODE
A photodiode is a type of photo detector

capable of converting light into either current or

voltage, depending upon the mode of operation.
Photodiodes are similar to regular

semiconductor diodes except that they may be

either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays)
or packaged with a window or optical fibre
connection to allow light to reach the sensitive
part of the device.

IR LED

An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a

special purpose LED that transmits infrared
rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength.
Such LEDs are usually made of gallium
arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide. They,
along with IR receivers, are commonly used
as sensors.
The appearance is same as a common LED.
Since the human eye cannot see the infrared
radiations, it is not possible for a person to
identify whether the IR LED is working or not,
unlike a common LED.
To overcome this problem, the camera on a
cell phone can be used. The camera can show
us the IR rays being emanated from the IR
LED in a circuit.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and
20x2 displays.

This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line
by 2 lines, respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller

chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates

directly with the LCD.

LCD BACKGROUND
If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW
EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)
RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)

(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )

R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)
(When RW is High(1), the data reading to the LCD)

LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of

silicon.When current passes through the LED, it emits photons
as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a
metal filament until its white hot.
LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources
including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved
robustness, smaller size and faster switching

RELAY
IT IS A ELECTRO MAGNETIC SWITCH

USED TO CONTROL THE ELECTRICAL DEVICES

COPPER CORE MAGNETIC FLUX PLAYS MAIN ROLE HERE

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and

NO:
COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of
the itch.
NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay
coil is off.
NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay
coil is on

BUZZER
Piezo Buzzer

This buzzer is an piezo type audio signaling device, which has a piezo
element and a oscillating circuit inside which oscillates the piezo brass base
plate, which when given voltage difference produces sound of a predefined
frequency.
Features

These high reliability piezo buzzers are applicable to general

electronics

equipment.
Compact, pin terminal type Piezo buzzer with 4 KHz output.
Pin type terminal construction enables direct mounting onto printed circuit
boards.

SOFT WARE REQUIREMENTS

Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, realtime kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments,
evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3,
XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.

Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level

Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an
output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not
for other microprocessors.

i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like C will compile
the code to run on the system for a particular processor like
x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer).

For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the

Compilers for Unix platform

So if one wants to define a

compiler then compiler is a program that translates source

code into object code.

BIBILOGRAPHY
The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems
by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie
Mazidi , Pearson Education.
ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.
www.atmel.com
www.beyondlogic.org
www.wikipedia.org
www.howstuffworks.com
www.alldatasheets.com