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A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy

from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.
WATER TURBINE
A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy
from moving water.
Water turbines were developed in the 19th century
and Now they are mostly used for electric power
generation.


1.
2.

Water turbines are divided into two groups:

Reaction turbines
Impulse turbines

It runs by impulse of steam.

Nozzle directs the steam on the curved
blades, which causes them to rotate.
The blades are in the shape of buckets.

The energy to rotate an impulse turbine is

derived from the kinetic energy of the
steam flowing through the nozzle.
The potential energy is converted into
kinetic energy when it passes through the
nozzle.
The velocity of steam is reduced when it
passes over the blades.

Archimedes' screw:
The Archimedes'
screw, also called
the Archimedean
screw or screwpump,
is a machine
historically used for
transferring
water from a low-lying
body of water
into irrigation ditches.

Water wheel: A water wheel is a

machine for converting the energy of
free-flowing or falling water into useful
forms of power.
A water wheel consists of a large
wooden or metal wheel, with a number
of blades or buckets arranged on the
outside rim forming the driving surface.
Most commonly, the wheel is mounted
vertically on a horizontal axle, but the
tub or Norse wheel is mounted
horizontally on a vertical shaft.

Turgo turbine: The Turgo turbine is

an impulse water
turbine designed for
medium head applications.
Operational Turgo Turbines
achieve efficiencies of about 87%.
In factory and lab tests Turgo
Turbines perform with efficiencies
of up to 90%.
It works with net heads between
15 and 300 m.

Jonval turbine: In which

water descends
through fixed curved
guide vanes which
direct the flow
sideways onto curved
vanes on the runner.
It is named after Feu
Jonval, who invented it.

Cross-flow turbine: Crossflow turbines are often

constructed as two
turbines of different
capacity that share the
same shaft.
The turbine wheels are
the same diameter, but
different lengths to
handle different volumes
at the same pressure.

Pelton wheel: The Pelton

wheel is an impulse turbine
which is among the most
efficient types of water turbines.
It was invented by Lester Allan
Pelton in the 1870s.
The Pelton wheel extracts
energy from the impulse
(momentum) of moving water,
as opposed to its weight like
traditional overshot water
wheel.

Water enters the turbine, directed by one or more

guide-vanes located in a transition piece
upstream of the runner, and through the first stage
of the runner which runs full with a small degree of
reaction

Flow leaving the first stage attempt to crosses

the open centre of theturbine

As the flow enters the second stage, a

compromise direction is achieved
whichcauses significant shock losses.

The runner is built from two or more parallel

disks connectednear their rims by a series of
curved blades)
Their efficiency is lower than
conventionalturbines, but remains at
practically the same level for a wide range
of flows and heads(typically about 80%)

A Cross-Flow turbine can be used for a wide

variety of applications:

Electricity generation, either connected to

the national grid or for independent
generation at an isolated site

Hydro-mechanical applications,
connected to a mechanical receptor:
pump, mill, heat pump, sawmill,
multiplication stage, etc.

The peak efficiency of a cross-flow turbine is somewhat less than

a Kaplan, Francis or Pelton turbine

it has a low price, and good regulation, cross-flow turbines are

mostly used in mini and micro hydropower units of less than two
thousand kW and with heads less than 200 m.

the flat efficiency curve yields better annual performance than

other turbine systems

Due to its excellent behaviour with partial loads, the cross-flow

turbine is well-suited to unattended electricity production

it can often clean itself. As the water leaves the runner, leaves,
grass etc. will not remain in the runner, preventing losses

PELTON TURBINE WORKING

PRINCIPAL
Impulse turbines change
the (velocity)of a water jet

jet pushes on the turbine's

curved blades
Create an (impulse) that
causes a force on the
turbine blades.
Since the turbine is spinning,
then develop a distance
(work).

Could be used to lift water from a lower source

(lake or something) to pour into a high place

It could be used to dig into the earth, the

wheel have the shape of a milling cutter and it
can open channels in the ground or something

It could also be used to measure the speed of

a fluid if connected to a dynamo meter. The
speed of flow could be read via voltage

ADVANTAGES OF PELTON TURBINE

Most efficient of all turbines
High overall efficiency
Easy assembly
Operate at low discharge
DISADVANTAGES OF PELTON TURBINE
Decrease in efficiency with time
Components have large size
Variation in the operating head is very difficult
to control
The operating head cannot be utilized even
when the variation in the tail water level is
relatively large when compared to total head

S.NO

Impulse turbine

Reaction turbine

The steam flows through the

nozzle and impinges on the
moving blades.

The steam first flows through the

guide mechanism and then
through the moving blades.

The steam impinges on the

buckets with kinetic energy.

The steam glides over the

moving vanes with pressure and
kinetic energy.

3.

The steam may or may not be

admitted over the whole
circumference.

The steam pressure is reduced

during its flow through the
moving blades.

4.

The blades are symmetrical

The blades are not symmetrical

1.

2.

This turbine can strictly extract energy as of any

fast-moving fluid, for example air but almost
always use water for utmost efficiency

They can prepared out of metal, plastic,

ceramic materials while metal is generally
preferred

Its create them ideal for hydro-electric power

generation

Simple in, construction and easy maintenance

As pelton and cross-flow turbine is not only turbines in

existence, they are absolutely the mainly ideal impulse
turbines while low flow rates or small streams are only
sources of water accessible

While they are ideal for location in which a stream of

water has a high quantity of pressure by a low flow rate

The quantity of energy to be extract as of small streams

that would have or else gone to dissipate

This is not the best turbines for low-pressure streams by a

high flow rate

A lot of head loss occurs when the river discharge is low