TODDLER AGE

(1 3 YEARS)

THE TERRIBLE 2s !
Intense exploration of the environment
Expression of control of the environment
Struggles of toilet-training, limit setting,
discipline and sibling rivalry
Less dramatic maturation of
body systems
Mastering a wide variety of
activities

BIOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT
Weight - 2 yrs Birth wt quadrupled
- Av wt gain 2.2 Kg/ Yr (1.8 2.7Kg/Yr)

Height

- Increases by 6.25 7.5 cms/ Yr

Body proportions

Chest Circ = OFC by 1yr

After 1 yr, Chest Circ > OFC
Transverse chest diameter > AP
Pot bellied
Chubby appearance lost
Infantile curves straightened

Dentition - 2 yrs 16 teeth

2 yrs 20 teeth

BIOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT
Skull OFC > by 1 cm/ 6 months ( 1- 3 yrs)
Ant Fontanel closure by 18 months
CNS No of brain cells complete by toddler age
Brain 2/3 of adult by 2 yrs, by 3 yrs
Myelination Improved posture & co-ordination
Bowel control by 2-3 yrs
Bladder control by 2 - 3 yrs
Gross motor devt Walks, runs, climbs. Opens doors
Fine motor devt Builds tower of 9-10 blocks, strings
large beads, works simple puzzles, manipulates
zippers, opens bathrooms, puts on clothes,
washes hands

BIOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT
Integumentary system- Tougher & more resistant epithelium
CVS & Resp System - <HR, <Resp, > BP
Hemopoietic system- RBC - < 4.5 million, Hb 13 gm%
Digestive system - >ing stomach capacity
Immunologic system- Pronounced lymphatic enlargement.
Increased incidence of infections
Adenoids Max growth by 3 yrs.
Tonsils - Max growth by 7 yrs
Renal - >ed ability to conserve water, ready for toilet training

PSYCHOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Psycho-social Autonomy Vs Shame &
doubt
- Object permanence
- Discrimination bet inner & outer worlds
- Idea of self as a separate being
Behavioural characteristics Negativism,
temper tantrums, ritualistic behaviour,
ambivalence,
sibling rivalry

PSYCHOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Psychosexual anal stage
- Gender identity, sexual exploration, body
image

Cognitive devt
- 0-2 yrs Sensorimotor
2-7 yrs Egocentric, object permanence
achieved, curiosity, imitation, imagination
Short memory & attention span

PSYCHOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Language Increasing vocab (50 words), grammar,
telegraphic speech, monologue
Play Parallel, destructive, exploratory, distractible,
no conscience, quiet, dramatic
- Helps develop cognitive abilities (size, shape, color,
speed, texture..), concepts (heavy, light )
- Helps ventilate emotions, develop manual dexterity,
motor skills
Moral devt Deeds to avoid punishment, please the
parents.

Spiritual Intuitive-projective faith

NEEDS & CONCERNS

Love & security Separation anxiety &
regression
Discipline leading to self control constructive
discipline, consistency, clarity, firmness,
immediacy, encourage independence,
punishment
Dependence progressing to self care
Control of bodily functions
Developing self esteem
Dental care

NEEDS & CONCERNS

Nutrition
- 100 Cal/ day, water 100- 125 ml/Kg/day
- 2-3 cups of milk / day
- Meal schedule, food preferences, rituals
- Prevent obesity ( wt for ht > 95 Percentile)
- Pica (danger of Pb poisoning)
Health Supervision Immunization, dental
health
Preparation for Play School

Engage in house work