Matter-Properties and

Changes
Chemistry is the study of matter and it's properties. Every aspect of
these divers' environment, under water and on land,
is some form of matter.

Properties of Matter
The diversity of matter in the world and in the universe is astounding
(fabulous)
Chemistry is the study of matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Everything around you is matter, including things such as air and microbes,
which you cannot see.
Matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition (as color, odor,
taste, hardness, melting point, and boiling point) is called a substance.
Salt
Water

Seawater is not a substance because samples taken from different locations

will probably have differing compositions

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is a characteristic that can be observed or
measured without changing the sample's composition.
Physical properties describe pure substance too.
PP descri

Physical Properties of Common

Substances
Physical Properties of common Substances
Substance

Color

State at 25

Melting point

Boiling point

Density (g/cm3)

Oxigen

Colorless

Gas

-218

-183

0.0014

Mercury

Silver

Liquid

-39

357

13.5

Water

Colorless

Liquid

100

1.00

Sucrose

White

Solid

185

Demposes

1.59

Sodium chloride

White

Solid

801

1413

2.17

Physical Properties:
Extensive and intensive
(amplio)

(intensive)

properties

Extensive properties are dependent upon the amount of substance

present
Mass
Length
Volume

(largo)

Intensive properties are independent of the amount of substance

present
Density (at constant temperature and pressure) is the same no matter how
much substance is present.

Chemical Properties of Matter

Chemical property is the ability of
a substance to combine with or
change into one or more other
substances.
The ability of iron to form rust
Inability of a substance to change into
another substance
Iron does not undergo a change in
the presence of nitrogen

Observing Properties of Matter

Every substance has its own unique set of physical and chemical
properties
Observations of properties may vary depending on the conditions of
the immediate environment.
It is important to state specific conditions in which observations are
made because both chemical and physical properties depend on
temperature and pressure.
The properties of water are dramatically different under different condition.

States of Matter = physical forms

Forms of matter: solid, liquid, gas
Solid: a form of matter that has its own definite shape and
volume.
The particles of matter in a solid are very tightly packed; when heated,
a solid expands, but only slightly.
Solid is not defined by its rigidity or hardness

Liquids: a form of matter that flows, has constant volume, and

takes the shape of its container.
Water, blood, and mercury
The particles in a liquid are not rigidly held in place and are less packed than are the
particles in a solid
Liquid particles are able to move past each other. This allows a liquid to flow and
take the shape of its container.
Like solids, liquids tend to expand when heated.

States of Matter = physical forms

Gases: a form of matter that flows to conform to the shape of its container and fills
the entire volume of its container.
Neon, methane, air

Compared to solids and liquids, the particles of gases are very far apart.
Vapor did not mean the same thing.
Gas refers to a substance that is naturally in the gaseous state at room
temperature.
Vapor refers to gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or a liquid at room
temperature.

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html

States of Matter: plasma

Scientists recognize a fourth
state of matter called
plasma, but it does not
occur naturally on Earth
except in the form of
lightning bolts.
The physical state of a
substance is a physical
property of that substance.
Each of the three common
states of matter can be
distinguished by the way it
fills a container.

Section 3.2
Changes in Matter
Scientists can describe matter in terms

of physical and chemical properties

Physical Changes
Physical changes: Changes which alter a substance without changing
its composition.
Cutting a sheet of paper and breaking a crystal

The state of matter depends on the temperature and pressure of the

surroundings.
As temperature and pressure change, most substances undergo a change
from one state (or phase) to another.

Ice and water have different appearances, but their composition is

the same.

Chemical changes
Chemical properties relate to the ability of a substance to combine
with or change into one or more substances.
Chemical change is a process that involves one or more substances
changing into new substances. (chemical reaction)
The new substances formed in the reaction have different
compositions and different properties from the substances present
before the reaction occurred.
The crushing of grapes that is part of the wine-making process is a physical
change, but the fermentation of the juice, sugars and other ingredients to
wine is a chemical change.

Evidence of a chemical reaction

A chemical reaction always produces a change in properties
Rust has different properties than the reactants (iron and oxygen) is evidence
that a chemical reaction has taken place.
Rust is not attracted to a magnet, whereas iron is.

Conservation of Mass
By carefully measuring mass before and after chemical reactions, it was
observed that although chemical changes occurred, the total mass involved
in the reaction remained constant.
The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed
during a chemical reactionit is conserved.(18th century)
The equation form of the law of conservation of mass is:
Massreactants = Massproducts

The French scientist Antoine Lavoiser was one of the first to use an analytical balance
(p. 63)
Lavoisier's experimental decomposition of mercuryII oxide is one proof of the law of
conservation of mass. Although a chemical reaction is obvious (powder to liquid
mercury), matter was neither created nor destroyed

Elements and
Compounds
Section 3.4

Elements
All matter can be broken down into a relatively small number of basic
building block called elements.
An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler
substances by physical or chemical means.
Naturally occurring elements
Copper
Oxigen
Gold

On Earth 91 elements occur naturally.

There are also several elements that do not exist naturally but have
been developed by scientists.

Element
Each element has a unique chemical name and symbol
Consist of one, two, or three letters.
The first letter is always capitalized and the remaing lette(s) are always
lowercase.

The names and symbols are universally accepted by scientists in order

to make the communication of chemical information possible.
The 91 naturally occurring elements are not equally abundant.
Hydrogen 75% of the Earth
Oxygen and silicon 75% of the mass of the Earth crust.

A first look at the periodic table

New elements discovered in the 19th century
Several schemes
1869 the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev
devised the chart shown in this figure which
organized all of the elements that were
known into rows and column based on their
similarities and masses. (First version of
periodic table).

A first look at the periodic table

The periodic table organizes the elements into a grid
of horizontal rows called periods and vertical
columns called groups or families.
Elements in the same group have similar chemical
and physical properties.
The table is called periodic because the pattern of
similar properties repeats as you move from period
to period.
The periodic table remains a dynamic tool as
scientist continue to discover new elements.
(cuadro)

Compounds
Remember:
The matter is classified as pure substances and mixtures.
Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Elements are pure substances that cannot be separated into simpler
substances.
Another classification of pure substances:
Compounds.
Is a combination of two or more different elements that are combined
chemically.
Much of the matter of the universe are compounds.

Compounds
There are approximately 10 million known compounds and new
compounds continue to be developed.

Table salt
Table sugar
Aspirin
Water

Several organizations have have assumed the task of collecting data

and indexing the known chemical compounds.
These organizations maintain huge databases that allow researchers
to access information on existing compounds.

Compounds
The chemical symbols of the periodic table make it easy to write the
formula for chemical compounds.
Sodium chloride: NaCl
Water: H2O

Compounds
Unlike elements, compounds can be
broken down into simpler substances by
chemical means.
To separate a compound into its elements
often requires external energy such as
heat or electricity.
The next figure shows the apparatus used
to produce chemical change of water into
its component elements of hydrogen and
one part oxygen.

Law of Definite Proportions

This law states that, regardless of the
amount, compound is always composed
of the same elements in the same
proportions by mass
Column 1: The mass of the compound is
equal to they sum of the masses of the
elements that make up the compound.
Column 2: shows the ratio of the mass of
each element to the total mass of the
compound as a percentage called
percent by mass.

Law of Definite Proportions

According to the law of definite
proportions, samples of a
compound from any source must
have they same mass
proportions.
Conversely, compounds with
different mass proportions must
be different compounds.

The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is (the lower case Greek letter rho). Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided
by volume:[1]

where is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume,[2] although this is scientifically inaccurate this
quantity is more specifically called specific weight.
For a pure substance the density has the same numerical value as its mass concentration. Different materials usually have different densities, and density may be relevant to buoyancy, purity and packaging. Osmium and iridium are the
densest known elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure but certain chemical compounds may be denser.

Shapes of matter

Shape

Space between
particles

Volume

Particle motion

Compressibility

Is it a fluid
or not

Density

Solid

Fixed shape

Particles really pressed

together

Yes, definite
volume

Yes- vibrate

Virtually incompressible

No

Yes

Liquid

No fixed shape

Particles can move/slide

past one another

Yes, constant
(takes the shape of
its container)

Yes- Vibrate

Slightly compressible

Yes

Yes

Gas

No definite
shape/volume

Particles are very far

apart

Yes, but have

neither fixed
volume nor shape

Yes- vibrate
gas vibrate and move freely
at high speeds

Easily compressed.

Yes

Yes, but it depends on

the given volume.

Plasma

No definite
shape/volume

Free space between

particles

No definite volume.

Yes, the particles moves

faster

Compressible (the plasma must

be able to deal with the high
temperatures)

Yes
but because of the
charged particles
present in a
plasma, it responds
to and generates
electro-magnetic
forces.

Yes, but very low density

Solids and liquids are virtually incompressible because the molecules are already in contact,
there is no possibility of a change in volume with an increase in pressure
A gas is a substance with no definite volume and no definite shape. Solids and liquids have
volumes that do not change easily. A gas, on the other hand, has a volume that changes to match
the volume of its container.

Compress aumenta
la presin y reduces el
volumen

CENSORED

for gases, the density can vary over a wide range because the molecules are free to move.

 Plasma state of matter, after the gases, solids and liquids. Plasma state is not ordinarily found in natural state on earth, but
outside the earth and in the stars, it is the most commonly found state.
Solids, liquids and gases are considered as low energy particles which are present in the earth's crust where as plasma is
considered to be a higher energy particle, which normally exists outside the earth. But on earth the plasma state can be
produced under controlled conditions at high temperatures.
is considered as the fourth s