The

Menstrual
CYCLE
 The menstrual cycle

The periodic Bleeding happens in a woman

due to hormonal changes or cycle. Usually it takes
28 to 35 days
Cycles within menstrual cycles

Hypothalamic – Pituitary Cycle

Ovarian cycle
Endometrial Cycle
Hypothalamic – pituitary cycles

When estrogen and progesterone level in the blood

decrease the hypothalamos detects that triggers the
release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormones ( Gn-
RH ) to release FSH that eventually triggers to
mature eggcell causing the increase estroggen level
in the blood.at the 13th day estrogen drops again
hypothalamos detects again causing it to release
( Gn-Rh ) to release Luteinizing Hormones that
eventually cuase the release of the mature ovum.
Thus progesterone level
 starts to increase until the 10th day after ovulation.
then again progesterone decrease up to the last day
day of a regular menstruation.
 Ovarian Cycle

This cycle divides into two the Follicular phase and

Luteal phase. Follicular phase starts from the
immature egg cell till estrogen increase that leads
to oocytes to become a Graafian follicle.This last
until the day of ovulation.
Luteal phase will now takes place form the day of
ovulation graafian follicles turns into corpus luteum
that eads to an increase of progesterone level and
this last up to day 25th
 Endometrial Cycle

This cycle divides into three phases the menstrual

phase,proliferative phase,secretory phase.
Endometrial lining undergoes chages every months
on a regular menstruation.
Menstrual phase starts from the days of
menstruation in which estrogen drops functional
layer of the endometrium were slough-off until such
time the graafian occur
Proliferative phase will now takes place
where functional layer starts to regenerate until it
 reaches to 8-10 fold from its original state. This
phase last until the day of ovulation. After the
graafian follicles turns into corpus luteum which
makes P-serum in blood increase Secretory
phase now takes in place thus endometrial lining
makes more thick,widens and fully vascularized in
preparation for implantation until progesterone
drops that causes the spasms and kinking of the
capillaries in the lining that leads to tissue death 0r
necrosis and after three days the functional layer
starts to slough-off again and that would mark as the
1st day of the menstrual cycle.
 Menstrual Phase


termed as wet days

the onset of the bleeding

may last 3 to 6 days

decrease level of estrogen in the blood

average blood loss 50ml

normal blood loss 20ml - 80ml
 Proliferative Phase


starts on the cessation of bleeding

normally last up to 7-10 days

called the estrogenic phase due to formation of
graafian follicles

the rapid growth of the endometrial linning
 Secretory Phase

called the progesteronic phase.

starts from the day of ovulation up to day 28.

it last up to ten days to reach the peak of
progesterone secretion then approximately 3
days of schemia.

endometrial lining tends to thicken,widens
and fully nurtured.

increase vascularization.

body temp. tends to increase normal rate.
 Abnormalities On Menstrual
Cycle

Metrorrhagia

- refers to vaginal bleeding among premenopausal

women that is not synchronized with their menstrual
period. It is often referred to as spotting.
Menorrhagia

- is an abnormally heavy and prolonged

menstrual period at regular intervals. Causes
may be due to abnormal blood clotting,
disruption of normal hormonal regulation of
periods or disorders of the endometrial lining of
the uterus. Depending upon the cause, it may be
associated with abnormally painful periods
(dysmenorrhea).
 Dysmenorrhea

-refers to vaginal bleeding among premenopausal

women that is not synchronized with their menstrual
period. It is often referred to as spotting.

- Dysmenorrhea can feature different kinds of pain,

including sharp, throbbing, dull, nauseating,
burning, or shooting pain. Dysmenorrhea may
precede menstruation by several days or may
accompany it, and it usually subsides as
menstruation tapers off. Dysmenorrhea may coexist
with excessively heavy blood loss, known as
menorrhagia.
 Amenorrhea

-is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of

reproductive age. Physiological states of
amenorrhoea are seen during pregnancy and
lactation (breastfeeding), the latter also forming the
basis of a form of contraception known as the
lactational amenorrhea method. Outside of the
reproductive years there is absence of menses
during childhood and after menopause.
 Premenstrual Syndrome
( PMI )

- a collection of physical, psychological and

emotional symptoms related to a woman's menstrual
cycle

- Exact cause still unknown

Genetics
 - is a study that deals with different genes
that determines the physical and and cognitive
characteristic of an individual.
Genes are composed of DNA and woven into
strands to form chromosomes.
- in a single individual it carries 46chromosomes
- but in his or her ovum or spermatozoa carries only
half of it.
- it has only 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosomes.
- normal chromosomes in an ind'l was abbreviated
as 46XX for female 46XY for male
- Phenotype was the outward expression or
appearance.
- Genotype refers to his or her actual gene
composition.
- Genome is the complete set of genes presnt.
- genes were arrange in a karyotype examine any
abnormalities of the genetic make-up of the ind'l.
- any excess or lacking would indicate a serious
defects on the ind'l
- for an instance an excess in autosome 21 would
indicate Down syndrome.
 Meiosis

- is a type of cell division that happens in

reproductive system particularly in ovary and testes.
- the type of division is reduction division were
from greater to smaller number of chromosomes
ex. 46 in oogonium down to 23 chromosomes in a
mature oocytes.
 Meiotic Division

Spermatogenesis 
Oogenesis