CS-4710 Artificial Intelligence

Lecture 1

Sikandar S. Toor
https://sites.google.com/site/uolcsai
Textbook: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
by Peter Norvig & Stuart Russel

Class Code of Conduct

Always come in class before the teacher arrives

Always switch your mobile OFF before coming to
class. You shall have to pay a penalty if your
mobile rings in class, even in silent mode
Dont interrupt the teacher unnecessarily. The
lecture shall end when the class time finishes.
There shall be a penalty for this conduct also.
Pay full attention to the lecture and refrain from
whispering with each other during the lecture
To ask and answer a question please raise your
hand

What is Intelligence?

Ability to learn & adapt from environment

Capacity for knowledge & ability to acquire it
Ability to memorize & recall
Ability to Plan & Schedule
Ability to solve complex problems
Ability to recognize voice, patterns, faces...
Ability to understand & comprehend

What is Intelligence?

Ability to evaluate, judge & make decision

Capacity of reasoning & abstract thoughts
Ability to dream & create
Ability to comprehend relationships
Ability to spot danger & survive

In a nutshell, intelligence is a cognitive ability

of an individual to learn from experience, to
reason well, to remember and to cope with
problems/demands of daily living.

What is Artificial Intelligence

If a machine could do all or most of the

previously mentioned tasks, we can call that
machine an intelligent machine
The intelligence in the machine is NOT
natural but is built by an intelligent specie
hence is artificial

What is Artificial Intelligence

Concerned with building intelligence in

artificial man made devices
Making machines to behave like humans
Making machines to behave in most rational
manner

Thinking / reasoning intelligently

Acting / behaving intelligently

What is Artificial Intelligence

A scientific and engineering discipline

devoted to:
understanding principles that make
intelligent behavior possible in natural or
artificial systems;
developing methods for the design and
implementation of useful, intelligent
artifacts.

Main Branches of AI

Scientist distribute AI in 2 branches

Strong AI
Systems those think like humans
Systems those think rationally

Weak AI
Systems those act like humans
Systems those act rationally

Strong AI

Make machines to act intelligently [like human

beings] as if they have real conscious minds
Deals with How brain works
Actually tries to recreate the functions of the inside
of the brain
Advocates Machine can replace a human being
Many researchers believe it is NOT possible to
attain

Weak AI

Machines can be made to act as if they are

intelligent
Treats brain as a black box which creates output
after it receives an input
It emulates the brains functionality
Is NOT concerned with inner functionality of brain
Most of the research in done in this field

Systems that Think like Humans

The exciting new effort to make

computer think machines with minds,

in full and literal sense (Haugeland 1985)
The automation of activities that we
associate with human thinking, activities
such as decision making, problem
solving, learning (Bellman - 1978)

Systems that Think Rationally

The study of mental faculties through

the use of computational models
(Charniak and McDermott 1985)
The study of computation that make it
possible to perceive, reason and act
(Winston 1978)

Systems that Act like Humans

The art of creating machines that

perform functions that require

intelligence when performed by people
(Kruzweil - 1990)
The study of how to make computers
do things at which, at the moment,
people are better (Rich & Knight 1991)

Systems that Act Rationally

Computational intelligence is the
study of the design of intelligent
agents (Poole et al., 1998)
AI is concerned with intelligent
behavior in artifacts (Nilsson, 1998)

Acting Humanly Turing Test

Alan Turing 1950 Computing Machinery

and intelligence
Can machine think & behave intelligently?
Operational test for intelligent behavior
Suggested major components of AI

Knowledge, reasoning, learning, language

understanding, computer vision, robotics

Problem: Turing test is not reproducible,

constructive or amenable to mathematical
analysis

Thinking Humanly Cognitive Science

Requires scientific theories of internal

working of brain

What level of abstraction? knowledge or

circuits?
How to validate? It requires

Predicting and testing human behavior

Direct identification from neurological data

The available theories in cognitive science do

not explain anything resembling human-level
general intelligence

Thinking Rationally Laws of Thought

Prescriptive rather than descriptive

Aristotle and other Greek schools developed
various forms of logic

Notations and rules of derivation for thought

May or may not have proceeded to the idea of

mechanization

Direct line through maths and philosophy to modern

AI
Problems:

Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical

deliberation
What is the purpose of thinking? What thought should I
have out of all thoughts that I could have?

Acting Rationally

Rational behavior doing the right thing

The right thing which is expected to
maximize goal achievement given the
available information
Does not necessarily involve thinking

eg., blinking reflex but thinking should be in

the service of rational action

Aristotle said: every art and every inquiry, and

similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to
aim at some good

Why study AI

AI helps

In determining What to do when we dont know what to

do.
AI is the discipline which deals with uncertainty and
manages it
Computer scientists and engineer to build more useful
and user friendly computers
Psychologists, linguistics, philosophers understand the
principles that constitute what we call intelligence
Many ideas and techniques now standards in CS
(symbolic computation, time sharing, objects, declarative
programming ) were pioneered by AI research

Few applications using AI

Games
Robotics
Finance
Medicine
Defense
Pattern Recognition
Natural Languages Processing
World Wide Web, etc., etc

Foundation of AI

Many disciplines provided the foundation for Artificial

Intelligence. Few to mention are as follows
Philosophy (428 BC Present):

Mathematics (800 Present):

Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?

How does the mental mind arise from a physical brain?
Where does knowledge come from?
How does knowledge lead to action?
What are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions?
What can be computed?
How do we reason with uncertain information?

Economics (1776 Present):

How should we make decisions so as to maximize the payoff?

How should we do this when others may not go along?
How should we do this when the payoff may be far in the future?

Foundation of AI

Neuroscience (1861 Present):

Psychology (1879 Present):

How can we build an efficient computer?

Control theory & Cybernetics (1948 Present):

How do humans and animals think and act?

Computer Engineering (1940 Present):

How do brains process information?

How can artifact operate under their own control?

Linguistics (1957 Present):

How does language relate to thought?

History of Artificial Intelligence

1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean Circuit model of brain

1950 Alan Turings Computing Machinery and
Intelligence, early AI programs including Samuals
checkers, Newell & Simons Logic theorist, Gekerbters
geometry engine
1952-69 Early enthusiasm, great expectations
1956 Dartmouth workshop, name artificial intelligence
officially adopted
1965 Robinsons complete algorithm for logical reasoning
1966-74 AI discovers computational complexity, Neural
Network research almost disappears

History of Artificial Intelligence

1969-79 early development of logic based systems

1980-88 experts systems industry booms
1988-93 - experts systems industry busts AI winter
1985-95 Neural networks return to popularity
1988 Resurgence of probability, general increase in
technical depth, Nouvelle AI, ALife, GAs, Soft
computing
1995 Agents, agents everywhere .
2003 - present Human level AI back on agenda

Pattern recognition, NLP, speech recognition, humanoid

robots, web bots, etc.

Few AI Websites to Explore

The Loebner Prize in AI (Turing Test)

Association for the Advancement of AI

http://www.aaai.org

Deep Blue

http://www.loebner.net/prizef/loebner-prize.html

http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/deepblue

Mars pathfinder

http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mpf

Few AI Websites to Explore

Aaron the Robot as an Artist

Speech recognition

http://www.e-speaking.com/

Honda Humanoid Robot

http://www.scinetphotos.com/aaron.html

http://www.honda.co.jo/robot

Mars rover curiosity

http://www.nasa.gov/mission-pages/msl/index.html