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Small Signal Stability of 1- Machine

Infinite Bus System

contents

| Seminar

1-M/c
connecte
d to bus

Small
Signal
Stability

Power
System
Stability

Swing
Curve

Conclusion,
References

definition

| Power System Stability

Ability of the system to bring back its operation to steady


state condition within minimum possible time after having
undergone some sort of transience or disturbance in the line

concept

| Steady State

A system in steady state has numerous properties which are


not changing with time. For those properties p of the system,
the partial derivate with respect to time is zero.

| Power System

importance

Stability
In the power plants, several
synchronous generators are
connected to the bus terminals
having the same frequency
and phase sequence as the
generators.

Therefore for stable operation it


is important for the bus to be
well synchronized with the
generators over the entire
duration of transmission.

HFO Generator Set

| Types of Stability

concept

Power System
Stability

Steady State
Stability

Transient
Stability

Dynamic
Stability

| Small Signal Stability

definition

Ability of the system to be in synchronism when subjected to small


disturbances

The disturbances can be switching of small loads, generators or


transmission line tripping

understanding

Stability

| Small Signal

Can linearize the power system around the steady state operating
point for small disturbances.

analysis

| 1 M/c connected to
an infinite Bus

Single Line Diagram of Single Machine Infinite Bus System


The internal rotor angle is
.

analysis

| 1 M/c connected to
an infinite Bus

The prime mover gives mechanical energy to the generator rotor and
in turn the generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical
energy through magnetic coupling. The dynamics of a rotational
mechanical system can be represented as
2
2

= e

- mechanical angle of the rotor field axis with respect to stator


reference
J - inertia constant of the rotating machine
- mechanical input torque due to the prime mover
e - electrical torque

analysis

| 1 M/c connected to
an infinite Bus

The angular displacement at any time t is given by:

+ mst

- mechanical angle of the rotor field axis with respect to stator


reference
- angular displacement of rotor with reference axis
ms - synchronous speed

SMIB

continued

We have,

2
2

analysis

= e

(i)

+ mst

(ii)

By differentiating (ii),

+ ms

(iii)

Differentiating (iii),

(iv)

analysis

| continued

The rate of change of the rotor mechanical angle with respect to time is
nothing but the speed of the rotor.

= m

Substituting in = + ms, we get

Substituting

2
,

in

2
2

= m ms

(v)

= e, we get,

2
2

= e

(vi)

analysis

If we multiply m on both sides of


2
m 2

2
2

= e

| continued

= e, we get
.. (vii)

analysis

| continued

If we multiply 2 ms on both sides of previous equation and divide by the base


MVA SB, we get

(viii)

analysis

| continued

The machine inertia constant H is given by


=

1
2m
2

p.u.

Substituting the value of H in the previous equation (viii), we get


2
2

= 2 m( e)

analysis

2
2

| continued

= 2 m(m e)

e = Pmax sin
By substituting, we get:
2
2

= 2 m(m Pmax sin )

(ix)

analysis

Small

Signal

Stability
In the steady state, that is when the speed of the generator rotor is constant at
synchronous speed, the rate of change of rotor speed will become zero due to
which:
= Pmaxsin
= sin1

, sin1
Pmax
Pmax

Final

step

Curve

Swing

result
Analysis

By making small perturbations


at the points A and B, the
stability of the system can be
analyzed.
Going back to the notion of
Stability:
Ability to return to the original
state after disturbance.

Stability

conclusio
n

Point A is called stable equilibrium point and operating


point B is called as unstable equilibrium point.
Similarly, o is the stable steady state rotor angle and max is
an unstable rotor angle.

References
Definition and classification of power system stability IEEE/CIGRE
joint task force on stability terms and definitions
Kundur, P; Andersson, G; Paserba, J
Stability Swing Curves, IEEE
WB Boast
Linearized Modelling of Single Machine Infinite Bus Power System,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Engineering & Technology
Balwinder Singh Surjan

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