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PRACTICES
PSN RAJU
21-10-14
Testing practices hands on
training using microprocessor based test
kit(PUNOVA)
22-10-14
relays
Configuration of numerical
INTRODUCTION
PROTECTION SYSTEM
Supporting systems
Protection philosophy
protection
Testing of these elements individually
then connectivity
Then combined testing/scheme testing
Verities of relays
Evolution of relays
Application in TRANSCO
protection
. 33KV Line feeder
33kv capacitor
132kv line
220kv line
400kv line
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
CLASSIFICATION
1. Protection against Electrical Faults
Unit Protection (against Internal Faults)
Differential Protection.
REF Protection.
Non-Unit Protection (against uncleared external faults)
IDMT O/C, E/F Relays.
Definite Time O/C, E/F Relays.
2.Protection against Abnormal Conditions
Over Load protection
Over Fluxing Protection
Differential Relay(87)
relay
a)
b)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY OPERATING PRINCIPLE
Current Distribution (External Fault)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY OPERATING PRINCIPLE.
Current Distribution ( Internal Fault)
Taps=25,
5N,
1.25% voltage raise for each tap
Ihv=70, Ilv=280 amp
CT ratios---100/1 and 400/1
In 5n tap is 87 works well
When for extreme tap 25(worst case),87
may operate for normal conditions.
CONTD..
Through fault
If=10 times rated
Iop=2.4,
Idiff=2.3 which is again less than Iop
Hence no trip
case2
Internal fault
case3
Bias Setting
= | I1 -I2 |
= | I1-I2 |
-----------
(I1+I2)
2. a)
b)
Delta / Delta CTs filter Zero Seq. Current & ensure Stability.
settings
I min-diff
Slope1
Slope2
2nd harmonic
5th harmonic
2.
The arrangement of residually connected CTs on the delta
side of a transformer is only sensitive to earth faults on the delta
side because zero sequence currents are blocked by the delta
winding.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
STABILISING RESISTOR
SETTING CRIETERIA
If B-CTfullyactivewhile
NCT fully saturates, maximum
Voltage across Relay Branch
(Vs) = If/n (Rct + 2Rl).
IfRelaycurrentsettingisIs
Current setting
Time setting
DT RELAYS
TOP
IS
(Relay Current Setting)
Applied Current
IDMT relays
Applied Current
IS
(Relay Current
Setting)
Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic
SI
VI
EI
LTI
t =
0.14
(I0.02 -1)
t = 13.5
(I2 -1)
t = 80
(I2
t =
-1)
120
(I - 1)
100
10
LTI
SI
1
VI
EI
0.1
1
10
100
CFB
TURE
DOBLE
OMICRON
FREJA
CHAINA KIT(PUNOVA)
TESTING KITS
DIRECTIONAL RELAYS
The
Reactance-type
Relay:
Distance
Mho relay:
This is a directional impedance relay, also known as
admittance relay. Its characteristic on R-X diagram
is a circle whose circumference passes through the
origin as illustrated in figure showing that the relay
is inherently directional and it only operates for
faults in the forward direction.
Modified impedance relay:
Also known as offset Mho relay whose characteristic
encloses the origin on R-X diagram as shown in fig
This offset mho relay has three main applications: i) Busbar zone backup
ii) Carrier starting unit in distance/carrier blocking
schemes.
iii) Power Swing blocking.
Timers:
Auxiliary relays:
Fault locator: -
ii)
For EHV Systems:a) Choice of Dead Time: Lower limit is decided by deionising time of
circuit breaker.
Upper limit is decided by transient stability
and synchronism.
Long transmission lines require longer dead
time for single phase faults.
The dead time for high speed auto-reclosing
scheme with EHV system is 0.3-0.8 Sec.
Transfer trip is of two types:Under-reaching scheme: The scheme in which the Zone-1 relay
(set to cover about 80% of ZL) is used
to send a signal to the remote end of
the feeder for inter-tripping is termed
as transfer trip under-reaching scheme.
To avoid mal-operation due to receipt of
false signal, the receiving end relay
operation is inter-locked with its Zone3/starter operation i.e. the scheme
operates either by its own Zone-1 relay
operation or by receipt of carried and
b) Blocking schemes:
Non-switched scheme vs
switched scheme:
(no intentional
2. Zone-2
100% of ZL + 40-50%
0.3 to 0.4 seconds
of ZSL
3. Zone-3
0.6 to 0.8 seconds
100% of ZL + 120%
of ZSL
4. Zone-4
0.9 to 1.5 seconds
100% of ZL + 120%
where
ZL
= Positive sequence
impedance of line to be protected.
ZSL = Positive sequence impedance of
adjacent shortest line.
ZLL = Positive sequence impedance of
adjacent longest line.
Note:
i)
MICOM
DISTANCE
RELAY
(Alstom
make):
MICOM P440 series is a distance scheme
with
Advanced
numerical
technology.
MICOM P441 and P442 relays have five
zones of phase fault protection and
five zones of earth fault protection.
a) Phase fault protection:Phase fault quadrilateral characteristics is
shown in the figure.
Zones 1,2 & 3 directional forward zones,
as used in conventional three zone distance
schemes. Note that Zone-1 can be extended
to Zone-1X when required in Zone-1
RELZ-100:
Setting
Setting ranges:
0.25 to 320
0.25 to 320
0.25 to 250
0-2000 Cycles
BACKUP
PROTECTION
BACKUP PROTECTION
E/F PROTECTION ON DELTA
SIDE.
BACKUP
PROTECTION