Cognitive

psychology

Out line
1_Introduction
2_definition of cognition, psychology, cognitive
psychology.
3_major topics in cognitive psychology.
4_information processing model.
5_stages of memory..sensory,working,long term
memory,
6_how to improve memory?
Why do we forget?

introduction
In cognitive psychology the human mind is conceived of as a structured
system for handling information. According to most cognitive theories,
information picked up by the senses is analyzed, stored, recoded, and
subsequently used in various ways; these activities are called
information
processes. They need not be represented in consciousness; cognitive
psychology relies very little on conscious introspection. Instead,
experiments are
designed to take advantage of various objective indicators of
information processing: reaction-time measurement, response
selection, performance in
memory tests, and so on. Mathematical and logical analyses of such
data are used to construct models of the underlying processes. These
models are
not intended to represent actual brain mechanisms. Although it is
assumed that all mental activity has some physiological basis, that
basis is of little
concern to most cognitive psychologists. Just as the program of a
computer can be described without knowledge of its physical
construction, it is hoped
that the program of mental information-processing can be understood
without regard to the machinery of the brain.

Cognitive psychology
Definition of cognition..is the act

of knowing.

Definition of psychology..deals

with many aspects of human activity from

the most social of interactions ,to the most
private of thoughts

Cognitive psychology
definition cognitive psychology is the

study of all human activities related to

knowledge. These activities include attention,
creativity, memory, perception, problem solving,
thinking, and the use of language

..another definitionis that area

dealing with mental activity in the processing of

world and individual information.

Cognitive psychology is the branch of

psychology .
Our concern here is how human system
senses information and acquire it ,and
how the information is transferred and
transformed inside the system.

Cognitive psychology
..you must answer some question of cognitive
psychology
1_how do we acquire information?
2_how do we deal with information?
3_..............think,remmember,forget,solve
problem,express our thoughts?
.major topics in cogitive psychology..
Perception,decision
making,judjment,intellegence,attention,
memory,problem solving.

Information processing model

.is the cognitive theory of learning that
describes processing, storage,retrieval of
knowledge from mind
Memory is divided into three several
stages
1_sensory memory.
2_working memory.
3_long term memory

1_Sensory memory
This is the first stage of memory and is
of brief duration but has high information
capacity. Each of the five senses has a
sensory store that briefly retains
information selection and
processing. During the third of a second
that information lasts in sensory store it is
mentally scanned and only those
characteristics that stand out or are
important are retained for further
processing.

2_working memory
This is the second stage in memory and again
is of brief duration but has limited
capacity. Working memory performs the
function of processing information for long term
storage. Two important processes that occur
here are rehearsal and encoding. To maintain
information in working memory it is necessary to
rehearse it. To make information more
memorable and resistant to fading from longterm memory, encoding the information through
pictures, mnemonics or labelling is necessary.

Two process occure here

Rehearsal
Mental repetition of
information which can
improve its retention
Maintain information
inthis stage

Encoding
To make information
more memorable and
ressistance to facing
from long term
memory .throgh
picture,labelling

3_long term memory

..Long-term memory is the third stage in
memory where information
is stored, usually in an inactive form, and
.is available for retrieval on demand
Large amount of information
stored for long period of time

Theories divided long term memory

into three parts
Long term memory

Episodic memory
Stores images

Sematic memory
Store fact ,general
knowledge

Procedural memory
Store information
About how to do
them

Sequances of information processing

information that is to be
remmembered must first reach to person
senses then to be attended to and
transferred from the sensory register to
short term memory then the process again
for transfer to long term ,memory

How to improve your memory

person can best improve their memory by
practising skills in rehearsing and encoding
information. Without these processes it is more
difficult for a person to store and retrieve
information from long-term memory. It is
literally impossible to recall anything unless
some form of structure and organisation has
.been placed on it
To remember well, it is necessary to organise
new information largely by relating it to
.something already known

Information processing model

.Cognitive psychologist focus on how
people learn,understand,think ,recall
knowledge.
..information processing model within
cognitive psychology focus on the mental
operation through which information is
gotten into the brain and retained briefly
for an extended period of time ,then
recalled or reactivated for reuse.

Why do we forget?
.four major reasons why people forget..
1-retieved failure

2_interference

3_failure to store

1_retrieved failure
One common cause of forgetting is
simply an inability to retrieve a
memory

.decay theory One explanation for why retrieval fails is known as

According to this theory, a memory trace is created every time a
new theory is formed. Decay theory suggests that over time,
these memory traces begin to fade and disappear. If information
is not retrieved and rehearsed, it will eventually be lost. One
problem with this theory, however, is that research has
demonstrated that even memories which have not been rehearsed
.or remembered are remarkably stable in long-term memory

2_interference
interference Another theory known as
suggests that some memories theory
compete and interfere with other
memories. When information is very
similar to other information that was
previously stored in memory, interference
is more likely to occur. There are two
basic types of interference

Two types of interference

1_Proactive

When an old
memory makes it
more difficult or
impossible to
remmember anew
memory

2_retroactive

Occures when
new information
interfere with your
ability to
remmember
previosly learned
information

3_failure to store
We also forget information because it
never actually made it into long-term
sometimes Encoding failures .memory
prevent information from entering longterm memory.
Chances are that you were able to
remmember the shap,and color,but forget
other minor details because their not enter
to long term memory.

4_motivated forgetting
Sometimes, we may actively work to forget
memories, especially those of traumatic or
disturbing events or experiences.
.there are two forms of it..

..1_suppression, a conscious form of

forgetting .
..2_repression, an unconscious form of
.forgetting