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Predicting outcomes of
strategic Decisions: Profit Pool
Strategic leaders attempt to predict the
outcomes of their decisions before taking efforts to
implement them.
Macro-environmental Forces
General Environment
Dimensions in the broader society that
influence industry and the firms within it
Economic
Sociocultural
Global
Technological
Political/legal
Demographic
The Firm
Micro
Environment
Meso
Environment
Macro
Environment
Unpredictability
Scenario Planning: based on grouping of
key environmental factors.
Low
Intensity
High
Dynamism
Low
Frequency
High
Low
High
No. of factors
(heterogeneity, diversity)
Complexity
Low
Relatedness of factors
High
Linear Cyclical
Linear & Cyclical
Unclear data
Ignorance of data
Unpredictability
Environmental
Turbulence
Scenarios in Practice
Clear enough future
Alternate futures
A range of futures
True ambiguity
A single forecast
precise enough for
determining strategy
A few discrete
outcomes that define
the future
A range of possible
outcomes but no
natural scenarios
Traditional Strategy
Tool Kit
Decision Analysis;
Option Valuation
Models;
Game Theory;
Scenario Planning
Latent Demand
Research;
Technology
Forecasting;
Scenario Planing
What can be
known
Analytic tools
Technology
Social Context
Media
Politically and Economically
Broadwoods
Steinway
Innovations in technology
-iron frame
- heavier strings
- superior key action
Beginning of automation
++
Europeanestablishment norms
Technicians well respected Links
-UK music press favored
Up-starts
with great composers
Broadwoods
-++
-Establishment used to "Broadwoods sound"
Political/Social
-Decay of the British Empire
Total
Contracting markets
--
Opportunity
+
-5
Industry Environment
Set of factors directly influencing a firm and
its competitive actions and competitive
responses
Competitor Environment
All of the companies that the firm competes against.
Threat
A condition in the general environment that may
hinder a companys efforts to achieve strategic
competitiveness
General Environment
The Economic Segment
Inflation rates
Interest rates
Workforce diversity
General Environment
The Global Segment
Product innovations
Applications of knowledge
New communication
technologies
General Environment
The Political/Legal Segment
Antitrust laws
Population size
Taxation laws
Age structure
Deregulation philosophies
Geographic distribution
Ethnic mix
Income distribution
Industry Environment
Industry Defined
A group of firms producing products that are close
substitutes
Firms that influence one another
Includes a rich mix of competitive strategies
that companies use in pursuing strategic
competitiveness and above-average returns
Barriers to entry
A barrier to entry is any factor that
Increases the costs born by potential entrants
(relative to incumbents), after they enter the
market
Decreases the market share potential entrants
might receive upon entering the industry
Other factors
Trade restrictions (tariffs, quotas, voluntary
export restraints, infant industry protection,
embargoes)
Government regulation of industries
Industry certification boards (CPAs, Actuaries)
Barriers to Entry
o Economies of Scale
o Marginal improvements in efficiency that a firm experiences as it
incrementally increases its size
Product differentiation
Capital Requirements
Unique products
Physical facilities
Customer loyalty
Inventories
Marketing activities
Switching Costs
One-time costs customers
incur when they buy from a
different supplier
New equipment
Retraining employees
Psychic costs of ending a
relationship
Availability of capital
Access to Distribution Channels
Stocking or shelf space
Price breaks
Cooperative advertising
allowances
Government policy
Licensing and permit
requirements
Deregulation of industries
Expected retaliation
Responses by existing
competitors may depend on a
firms present stake in the
industry (available business
options)
Power of Suppliers
Suppliers deliver inputs such as
Labor
Management
Technology
Materials
Bargaining Power of
Buyers/Customers
Buyer power increase when:
Buyers are large and few in
number
Buyers purchase a large portion of an industrys
total output
Buyers purchases are a significant portion of a
suppliers annual revenues
Buyers can switch to another product without
incurring high switching costs
Buyers pose threat to integrate backward into the
sellers industry
Unattractive
Industry
Low profit potential
Attractive
Industry
High profit potential
Competitor Analysis
Competitor Intelligence
The ethical gathering of needed information and
data that provides insight into:
A competitors direction (future objectives)
A competitors capabilities and intentions
(current strategy)
A competitors beliefs about the industry (its
assumptions)
A competitors capabilities
Competitor Analysis
Components
Word of
Mouth
Friends
Critics
Reputation
Advertising
Efficiency
Price
Demand
Value
Supplier
Management
Quality
Car access
Parking
Non car
Shuttle
Accessibility
Export
International
Acquisition
JV
Current
Strategy
Domestic
15 brands
sold
Grape
growing