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Three key theories

E.W. Burgess Concentric Zone

Hoyt Sector Model

Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei

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Concentric Zone Theories

Explained by E.W. Burgess (1925)

Cities grow outwards from the centre in a series of rings.

Correlation between the distance from the CBD and the wealth of the
inhabited area; wealthier families tended to live much further away from
the Central Business District

Burgess's work is based on the bid rent curve.

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Five Concentric Zones

1) Central Business District

2) Transition and Industry

low incomes, oldest housing, Ghettos

3) Low Income Residential

4) Middle Income Residential
suburban estates- good quality, gardens
5) High Income Residential / Commuter
Small towns and villages

Assumptions

Older buildings in city centre

Newer buildings at edge of city
Land values highest in city centre
Strong economic and ethnic segregation
Low income groups lack transport and live close to city centre.
Cities develop on a flat plain with equal access to transport
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Five Concentric Zones

In the map above, which shows the
footprint of every building in Chicago
color-coded by the period in which
the structure was built, a pattern of
concentric zones is quite strikingly
apparent.

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Criticism
It describes the peculiar American geography, where the inner city is
poor while suburbs are wealthy

It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging landscape, doesnt

consider topography and physical feature

Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone but
located far from the city
Doesnt consider Decentralization of shops, manufacturing industry, and
entertainment
Urban regeneration and gentrification - more expensive property can be
found in 'low class' housing areas
It does not address local urban politics and forces of globalization
The model does not fit polycentric cities, for example NCR

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Hoyt Sector Model

Sectors radiating out from

the CBD

cities would tend to grow in

wedge-shaped patterns, or
sectors along transportation
routes

Higher levels of access translate to higher land values- For eg. Low income
residential along sub urban rail road, where as manufacturing activity along

highway
In many respects, Hoyt's sector model is simply a concentric zone model modified to
account for the impact of transportation systems on accessibility.
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Criticism
Doesnt consider mixed use development

The growth of a sector can be limited by leapfrog land use

It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging landscape, doesnt

consider topography and physical feature

Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone but
located far from the city
Doesnt consider Decentralization of shops, manufacturing industry, and
entertainment
Urban regeneration and gentrification - more expensive property can be
found in 'low class' housing areas
It does not address local urban politics and forces of globalization
The model does not fit polycentric cities, for example NCR
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Multiple Nuclei Model

Explained by Harris and

Ullman (1945)

an urban area grows, it

develops around a number
of

different

business

centres or nuclei

Each nucleus acts as a

growth point

Growth

occurs

outwards

from each nucleus, until

they all merge into one
large urban area

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Multiple Nuclei Model

Mixture of Burgess and Hoyt

Consider polycentric growth pattern

Complex

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Part of City
Downtown
Uptown
New Hubs

Residential Neighborhood
Circulation
Urban Fringe
Urban conurbation

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Part of City
DowntownCentre of the city- like a brain and soul of a body
Developed at most strategic location
Highest concentration of services
Downtown is not static- It grows with the city
Mostly old downtowns are very congested not design for heavy traffic movement
It is bordered by old residential settlement/manufacturing unit/ terminal facility like rail
yard

Gradual interventionsDevelopment of Uptown

Subway system/ Elevated corridor (intervention in circulation system can be very
destructive to city shape)

Center to Series of centers

Nucleated centers again change the circulation pattern of metropolis

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Part of City

The Hub/ Sub centersCities are getting bigger need more than one service centers- Sub
Centers
Mono centered
Consists of one central and several sub-centers
Not interconnected between the sub-centers

Multi-nodal
Consists of one central and several sub-centers
Sub-sub-centers that are connected to each other.
Sub-sub-center in addition to connecting directly to the sub-center
is also connected directly to the center.
Multi-centered
Consists of several centers and sub centers which are connected to
each other.
Non-centered
In this model there is no central node as well as sub-center.
All nodes have the same hierarchy and are connected between
each other.

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Part of City
Inner-city

Includes variety of Land use

Developed with the demand of locating housing near to the

work place

High density low cost housing

Narrow strait roads

Occupied by ethnic group, students, floating population

Surrounded be industrial area

Lack of open space

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Part of City
Urban suburbs
Often suburbs grew rapidly with the growth of road and rain network
Contain modern housing- detached plotted development
Availability of open space
Two part- Inner suburbs, Outer Suburbs
Reason Behind growth of suburbsBetter public transport and increased car ownership help people to separate there
home from work place
Availability of land in affordable range
Provision of better living environment
Inner Suburbs-

Outer Suburbs-

Low density housing

Low density housing

Detached Housing

Villa/ estate type- expensive Housing

Personal Green space

Lots of Green open space

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Part of City
Urban suburbs
Advantage-

Disadvantage-

Larger and better quality house

Long commuting travel time

Less pollution, Better living Place

Higher cost of life

Close enough to CBD to commute

everyday

Sense of community is diminishing as

people can spend little time at home

Less traffic congestion

Automobile dependency increases

Availability of open space, park, school

shopping etc

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Part of City
Rural Urban Fringe
The area where the countryside meets the city is called the rural- urban fringe
edge of the city
Common Land useBusiness parks
Science Parks

Retail parks
Out of town shopping
Gradually urban fringe becomes the part of city

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Part of City
Urban Conurbation
Conurbation is the region comprising a number of cities, town
An area where two cities merge to form a continuous urban land