Oracle ch12

Chapter 12
Subqueries and Merge

Statements
(up to p.451)
Jason C. H. Chen, Ph.D.

Professor of MIS
School of Business
Gonzaga University
Spokane, WA 99258 USA
chen@jepson.gonzaga.edu
Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)
FOCUS most of them have been studied

Three topics (Learn up to p. 451):
Single-Row subquery
Multiple-Row subquery
Multiple-Column subquery
We will focus on the following:

Single-Row Subquery in a HAVING Clause
(Query#4)
Multiple-Column Subquery in a FROM
Clause
Objectives
Determine when using a subquery is appropriate
Identify which clauses can contain subqueries
Distinguish between an outer query and a
subquery
Use a single-row subquery in a WHERE clause
Use a single-row subquery in a HAVING clause
Use a single-row subquery in a SELECT clause
Distinguish between single-row and multiple-row
comparison operators
Use a multiple-row subquery in a WHERE clause
Objectives (continued)
Use a multiple-row subquery in a HAVING clause
Use a multiple-column subquery in a WHERE
clause
Create an inline view using a multiple-column
subquery in a FROM clause
Compensate for NULL values in subqueries
Distinguish between correlated and uncorrelated
subqueries
Nest a subquery inside another subquery
Use a subquery in a DML action
Process multiple DML actions with a MERGE
statement
Refresh the Database

1. Run the following script file
Start c:\oradata\chapter12\JLDB_Build_12.sql
Creating Nested Queries

Used to select results based on the result of a query
Consists of a main query and one or more subqueries.
Main/outer query: first query that appears in the
SELECT command
Subquery retrieves values that the main querys search
condition must match
that return
thatvalue
return
one
one value
Subqueries and Their Rules/Uses

Subquery a query nested inside another query and
used when a query is based on an unknown value.
A subquery must be complete query in itself it
requires SELECT and FROM clauses
A subquery, except one in the FROM clause, cant
have an ORDER BY clause (on the outer querys
last clause).
Must be enclosed in parentheses to separate it from
the outer/main query
Place on right side of comparison operator
Types of Subqueries
Table 12-1
Topics Covered in This Chapter
I. Single-Row Subqueries
Can only return one result to the outer query
Operators include =, >, <, >=, <=, < >
Query: List all computer books with a retail price

higher than the book Database Implementation
First, find out the cost of book
Database Implementation
Next, plug in the found

cost into the second query
Figure 12-3 A single-row subquery
-- chapter 12, Figure 12-2; p.430

SELECT category, title, cost
FROM books
WHERE cost > 31.4
AND category = 'COMPUTER';
10
Single-Row Subquery in a WHERE Clause

Query1: List all computer books with a retail price
higher than the book Database Implementation
Subquery a query nested inside another query and used when

a query is based on an unknown value.
SELECT category, title, cost
FROM books
WHERE cost >
(SELECT cost
FROM books
WHERE title = 'DATABASE
IMPLEMENTATION)
AND category = 'COMPUTER'
Only one value

should be
returned from
the inner
query
11
Query2: List title of the most expensive book sold

by JustLee Books (incorrect example)
Figure 12-4 Flawed query: attempt to determine the book with the highest retail value
12
Query2: List title of the most expensive book sold

by JustLee Books (a correct example)
SELECT title, retail
FROM books
WHERE retail =
(SELECT MAX(retail)
FROM books);
Figure 12-5 Query to determine the title of the most expensive book
13
Query3: List title of all books published by

publisher of Big Bear and Little Dove that
generate more than the average profit
Tasks: two unknown values: 1) the pubid of Big Bear and Little
Dove, 2) the average profit of the all books.
SELECT isbn, title
FROM books
WHERE pubid =
(SELECT pubid
FROM books
WHERE title = 'BIG
BEAR AND LITTLE DOVE')
AND retail-cost >
(SELECT AVG(retail-cost)
FROM books);
Figure 12-6 SELECT statement with two singlerow subqueries
14
Query4: List all book categories returning a higher

average profit than the Literature category.
Three steps are needed for this task:

1. calculate the average profit for all
Literature books.
2. calculate the average profit for each
category.
3. compare the average profit for each
category with the average profit for the
Literature category.
15
Single-Row Subquery in a HAVING Clause

Query4: List all book categories returning a higher average
profit than the Literature category.
Required when returned value is compared to grouped data
#2
#3
Figure 12-7
#1
Single-row subquery nested in a HAVING clause

16
Single-Row Subquery in a SELECT Clause

Query5: Compare the price of each book in inventory
against average price of all books in inventory.
Replicates
subquery value
for each row
displayed
Figure 12-8 Single-row

subquery in a SELECT
clause
17
Single-Row Subquery in a SELECT Clause (coni.)

Query6: List the difference between each book price and the average.
Replicates
subquery value
for each row
displayed
Figure 12-9 Use a

subquery in a calculation
in the SELECT clause
18
II. Multiple-Row Subqueries

Return more than one row of results
Require use of IN, ANY, ALL, or EXISTS
operators
19
ANY and ALL Operators

Combine with arithmetic operators
Table 12-2
ALL and ANY Operator Combinations
20
Multiple-Row Subquery in a WHERE Clause

Query7: List book titles, retail value and category that
match the highest retail value for any book category
1. Determine the price of the most expensive book in each category
2. The maximum retail price in each category is to the WHERE clause of
the outer query (more than one)
3. The outer query compares each books price to the prices from #2
4. If a books rail price matches one of the prices returned, the books title,
retail price, and category are displayed in the output
SELECT title, retail, category

FROM books
WHERE retail IN (SELECT MAX(retail) # this part will
FROM books be executed first
GROUP BY category)
ORDER BY category;
Note: Could use IN operator or =ANY
21

SQL> SELECT MAX(retail)
2 FROM books
3 GROUP BY category;
MAX(RETAIL)
----------75.95
28.75
59.95
39.95
31.95
30.95
89.95
29.95
Figure 12-10
Multiple-row subquery with the IN operator
8 rows selected.
22

Q: what might
be a problem on
this query?
A: retail might
match MAX
from a different
category.
Q: how to solve
the problem?
Figure 12-10
Multiple-row subquery with the IN operator
A: Use
Multiplecolumn
subquery (see
next session).
23
Multiple-Row Subquery in a WHERE Clause (cont.)
Query8: List all books with a retail price less than the
most expensive book in the Cooking category.
Practice other
examples with
>ALL, <ALL
and >ANY
Figure 12-14
Using <ANY operator

24
Multiple-Row Subquery in a HAVING Clause
Query9: Check whether any customers recently placed order has

a total amount due greater than the total amount due for every
order placed recently by customers in Florida.
Q: try to
use
ANY
and see
the
result.
SELECT SUM( quantity paideach)

FROM customers JOIN orders USING (customer#)
JOIN orderitems USING (order#)
WHERE state = 'FL'
GROUP BY order#;
Dr. Chen,
SUM(QUANTITY*PAIDEACH)
---------------------106.85
85.45
54.5
Figure
12-17
Multiple-row
subquery
in
a
HAVING
clause
17.9
Oracle Database System (Oracle)
75.9
25
III. Multiple-Column Subqueries

Return more than one column in results
Creates a temporary table (or inline view)
Can return more than one column to the
outer query (more than one column from the
subquery)
Column list on the left side of operator must
be in parentheses
Use the IN operator for WHERE and
HAVING clauses
26
Multiple-Column Subquery in a FROM Clause

Query10: List all books that have a higher-than-average
selling price compared with other books in the same category.
SELECT category,
AVG(retail) cataverage
FROM books
GROUP BY category;
CATEGORY
CATAVERAGE
------------ ---------COMPUTER
52.85
COOKING
24.35
CHILDREN
34.45
LITERATURE
39.95
BUSINESS
31.95
FITNESS
30.95
FAMILY LIFE
55.975
SELF HELP
29.95
it is considered a
new table of a
Figure 12-19
Multiple-column subquery in a FROM clause

27
Multiple-Column Subquery in a FROM Clause

(2nd solution)
Figure 12-20 Using a Join with a multiple-column subquery in the FROM clause
28
Multiple-Column Subquery in a WHERE Clause

Query7: List book titles, retail value and category that
match the highest retail value for any book category
(the right solution)
Returns
multiple
columns for
evaluation
Figure 12-21
Multiple-column
subquery in a WHERE
clause
29
NVL Function (also see p. 359)

The NVL function is to address problems
caused when performing arithmetic
operations with fields that might contain
NULL values.
NULL value is the absence of data, not a
blank space or a zero.
NVL(x,y) where y represents the value to
substitute if x is NULL.
30
NULL Values
Query11: List all customers (customer#) who referred customer
1005 has referred any other customers to JustLee Books.
Q: what
causes the
problem?
Figure 12-22 Flawed query: NULL results from a subquery

31
When a subquery
might return
NULL values,
use NVL
function
Figure 12-23
Using the NVL function to handle NULL values

32
IV. Uncorrelated Subqueries

Processing sequence
Inner query is executed first
Result is passed to outer query
Outer query is executed
Most of subqueries we studied are

uncorrelated subqueries.
33
Nested Subqueries
Maximum of 255 subqueries if nested in the
WHERE clause
No limit if nested in the FROM clause
Innermost subquery is resolved first, then
the next level, etc.
34
Nested Subqueries (continued)

Query12: List the name of the customer who has ordered the most books
on one order (not including multiple quantities of the same book).
Innermost is resolved first (A), then the second level (B), then the outer query (C)
Figure 12-27
Nested subqueries
35
Subquery in a DML action
Figure 12-28
An UPDATE statement using a subquery

36
Exercises
Practice all the examples in the text.
A Script file is available on the Bb (file
name: ch12Queries.sql)
After completing all examples, do the HW.
In-class Exercise
#3 (p.468)
37
Homework - Hands-On Assignments

Email me with one attachment
(Oracle_ch12_Spool_Lname_Fname.) to:
with subject title of
bmis441_Oracle_ch12
Read and Practice all examples on Chapters 12
1. Run the script files (in the folder \oradata\chapter12\):
JLDB_Build_12.sql
2. Read Oracle assignment and create a script file
Oracle_ch12_Lname_Fname.sql for questions (#1,2, 5,
10; p. 468) on Hands-on Assignments. Use
appropriate COLUMN statements to produce readable
outputs
3. Execute and test one problem at a time and make sure
they are all running successfully.
4. When you done, spool the script files (see next slide
for spooling instructions) and email the file
(Oracle_ch12_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt) to me by the
midnight before the next class.
38
How to Spool your Script and Output Files

After you tested the script file of Oracle_ch12_Lname_Fname.sql
successfully, follow the instructions below to spool both script and output
files:
Step 0. Run the following script file from SQL*Plus (since you have created
JLDB tables)
Start c:\oradata\chapter12\JLDB_Build_12.sql
1. type the following on SQL>

Spool c:\oradata\Oracle_ch12_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt (make sure your name is
entered)
2. open Oracle_ch12_Lname_Fname.sql that you already tested

3. copy and paste all the SQL commands (including all comments) to the
SQL*PLUS
4. type Spool Off on the SQL>
The output should contain your personal information, all SQL commands and
their solution on the .txt file and saved in C: drive (oradata\ folder)
Email me with the spooled file (.txt) with attachment to:
with subject title of
bmis441_Oracle_ch12
39
Summary
A subquery is a complete query nested in the SELECT,
FROM, HAVING, or WHERE clause of another query
The subquery must be enclosed in parentheses

and have a SELECT and a FROM clause, at a
minimum
Subqueries are completed first; the result of the subquery is
used as input for the outer query
A single-row subquery can return a maximum of one value
Single-row operators include =, >, <, >=, <=, and <>
Multiple-row subqueries return more than one row of results
40
Summary (continued)
Operators that can be used with multiple-row subqueries
include IN, ALL, ANY, and EXISTS
Multiple-column subqueries return more than one column
to the outer query
NULL values returned by a multiple-row or multiplecolumn subquery will not present a problem if the IN or
=ANY operator is used
Correlated subqueries reference a column contained in the
outer query
Subqueries can be nested to a maximum depth of 255
subqueries in the WHERE clause of the parent query
41
Summary (continued)
With nested subqueries, the innermost subquery is
executed first, then the next highest level subquery
is executed, and so on, until the outermost query is
reached
A MERGE statement allows multiple DML
actions to be conditionally performed while
comparing data of two tables
42

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Chapter 12

Subqueries and Merge

Jason C. H. Chen, Ph.D.

FOCUS most of them have been studied

We will focus on the following:

Refresh the Database

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Creating Nested Queries

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Subqueries and Their Rules/Uses

Topics Covered in This Chapter

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Query: List all computer books with a retail price

Next, plug in the found

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

-- chapter 12, Figure 12-2; p.430

Single-Row Subquery in a WHERE Clause

Subquery a query nested inside another query and used when

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Only one value

Query2: List title of the most expensive book sold

Query2: List title of the most expensive book sold

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Query3: List title of all books published by

Figure 12-6 SELECT statement with two singlerow subqueries

Query4: List all book categories returning a higher

Three steps are needed for this task:

Single-Row Subquery in a HAVING Clause

Single-row subquery nested in a HAVING clause

Single-Row Subquery in a SELECT Clause

Figure 12-8 Single-row

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Single-Row Subquery in a SELECT Clause (coni.)

Figure 12-9 Use a

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

II. Multiple-Row Subqueries

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

ANY and ALL Operators

ALL and ANY Operator Combinations

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Multiple-Row Subquery in a WHERE Clause

SELECT title, retail, category

Note: Could use IN operator or =ANY

Multiple-Row Subquery in a WHERE Clause

Multiple-row subquery with the IN operator

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Multiple-Row Subquery in a WHERE Clause

Multiple-row subquery with the IN operator

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Multiple-Row Subquery in a WHERE Clause (cont.)

Using <ANY operator

Multiple-Row Subquery in a HAVING Clause

Query9: Check whether any customers recently placed order has

SELECT SUM( quantity paideach)

III. Multiple-Column Subqueries

Multiple-Column Subquery in a FROM Clause

Multiple-column subquery in a FROM clause

Multiple-Column Subquery in a FROM Clause

Multiple-Column Subquery in a WHERE Clause

NVL Function (also see p. 359)

Figure 12-22 Flawed query: NULL results from a subquery

Using the NVL function to handle NULL values