Oracle ch10

PL/SQL and
Chapter 10
Selected Single-Row Functions
Jason C. H. Chen, Ph.D.
Professor of MIS
School of Business
Gonzaga University
Spokane, WA 99258 USA
chen@jepson.gonzaga.edu
Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)
Objectives
Use the UPPER, LOWER, and INITCAP functions to change the case
of field values and character strings
Manipulate character substrings with the SUBSTR and INSTR
functions
Nest functions inside other functions
Determine the length of a character string using the LENGTH function
Use the LPAD and RPAD functions to pad a string to a certain width
Use the LTRIM and RTRIM functions to remove specific characters
strings
Substitute character string values with the REPLACE and
TRANSLATE functions
Round and truncate numeric data using the ROUND and TRUNC
functions
Return the remainder only of a division operation using the MOD function
Use the ABS function to set numeric values as positive
Objectives (continued)
Use the POWER function to raise a number to a specified power
Calculate the number of months between two dates using the
MONTHS_BETWEEN function
Manipulate date data using the ADD_MONTHS, NEXT_DAY,
LAST_DAY, and TO_DATE functions
Differentiate between CURRENT_DATE and SYSDATE values
Extend pattern matching capabilities with regular expressions
Identify and correct problems associated with calculations involving
NULL values using the NVL function
Display dates and numbers in a specific format with the TO_CHAR
function
Perform condition processing similar to an IF statement with the
DECODE function
Use the SOUNDEX function to identify character phonetics
Convert string values to numeric with the TO_NUMBER function
Use the DUAL table to test functions
Learn PL/SQL Procedure Language / SQL
Functions Must Study and Understand

The following functions are the minimum to study and
understand:
1. Case conversion functions
2. character manipulation functions
SUBSTR, INSTR, LENGTH, LTRIM, RTRIM,
REPLACE, CONCAT
3. ALL Number functions
4. DATE functions
MONTH_BETWEEN, ADD_MONTHS, TO_DATE, SYSDATE
5. Other functions
NVL, TO_CHAR, CASE, TO_NUMBER, DUAL table
Refresh the Database

1. Go to Blackboard and download (at least
three) data files from Oracle chapter10 and
save under c:\oradata\chapter10\
Please note that there is a PL/SQL data file of
Ch10 Queries for PL SQL.sql
2. Run the following script file

Start c:\oradata\chapter10\JLDB_Build_10.sql
Manipulating Character
Strings with PL/SQL
To change case, use UPPER, LOWER, INITCAP
INSTR function searches a string for a specific
substring and return the starting position
start_position := INSTR(original_string, substring,
starting_pos, occurrence#);
/* the first two arguments are required, the last two
arguments are optional */
SUBSTR function extracts a specific number of
characters from a character string, starting at a given
point:
extracted_string := SUBSTR(string_variable,
starting_point, number_of_characters);
Case Conversion Functions

Case conversion functions alter the case of
data stored in a column or character string
Used in a SELECT clause, they alter the
appearance of the data in the results
Used in a WHERE clause, they alter the value
for comparison
LOWER Function
Used to convert characters to lowercase letters
Figure 10-1 LOWER function in the WHERE clause

LOWER Function (cont.)

Used to convert characters to mixed case
Figure 10-2 LOWER function in the SELECT and WHERE clauses

UPPER Function
Used to convert characters to uppercase letters
It can be used in the same way as the LOWER
function
To affect the display of characters, it is used in
a SELECT clause
To modify the case of characters for a search
condition, it is used in a WHERE clause
The syntax for the UPPER function is UPPER(c)
Where c is the character string or field to be
converted into uppercase characters
10
UPPER Function manage user input

-- chapter 10, Figure 10-3; p.335
SELECT firstname, lastname
FROM customers
WHERE lastname = UPPER('&Custval');
Figure 10-3 Using UPPER function to manage user input
11
INITCAP Function
Used to convert character strings to mixed case,
which each word beginning with a capital letter.
Figure 10-4 INITCAP function in a SELECT clause modifies the display
12
Character Manipulation Functions

Character manipulation functions manipulate
data by extracting substrings, counting the
number of characters, replacing strings, etc.
13
SUBSTR Function
Used to return a substring, or portion of a string
SUBSTR (c, p, l)
Where
c: the character
string
p: the beginning
character position,
l: the length of
the string to
return in the
query result.
-p: backward p
position
Figure 10-6 Comparison of SUBSTR arguments
14
INSTR Function
start_position := INSTR(original_string, substring, starting_pos, occurrence#);
/* the first two arguments are required, the last two arguments are optional */
14
Figure 10-7 Comparison of INSTR arguments

Why?
15
What is PL/SQL?
Procedural programming Language
Uses detailed instructions
Processes statements sequentially
Combines SQL commands with

procedural instructions
Used to perform sequential
processing using an Oracle database
16
Why PL/SQL?
ORACLE
(programming language
components)
SQL
PL/SQL
D.B.
GUI
Components
(reports, forms,
graphics etc.)
17
Using SQL Commands in PL/SQL

Programs
Category
Purpose
Date Definition Create/change

Language (DDL) the database
structure
Examples of
Commands
Can Be Used
in PL/SQL
CREATE, ALTER,
DROP, GRANT,
REVOKE
No
Data
Manipulation
Language
(DML)
Query or change SELECT, INSERT,

UPDATE, DELETE
the data in the
database tables
Transaction
control
commands
Organize DML
commands into
logical
transactions
COMMIT,
ROLLBACK,
SAVEPOINT
Yes
Yes
18
Fundamentals of PL/SQL
Full-featured programming language
Execute using Oracle 11g utilities
SQL*Plus
Forms Builder
An interpreted language
Semicolon ends each command
Reserved words
Type in editor, execute in SQL*Plus
19
Table: PL/SQL command capitalization styles

Item Type
Capitalization
Example
Reserved Words
Uppercase
BEGIN, DECLARE
Built-in functions
Uppercase
COUNT, TO_DATE
Predefined data types
Uppercase
VARCHAR2, NUMBER
SQL commands
Uppercase
SELECT, INSERT
Database objects
Lowercase
student, fid
Variable names
Lowercase
s_first_name, faculty_id
Mixed case
Student_F_Name, Faculty_ID
20
Identifiers and Variables:

Rules for Names and Properties
From 1 to 30 characters
Only alphanumeric characters, and special
characters ($ _ #)
Must begin with a letter and can not contain
blank spaces or hyphens
And sure they cannot be reserved words

(e.g., BEGIN)
21
Variables and Data Types

Variables
Used to store numbers, character strings, dates,
and other data values
Avoid using keywords, table names and column
names as variable names
Must be declared with data type before use:
variable_name data_type_declaration;
e.g., current_s_id NUMBER(6);
22
Language Elements:
PL/SQL Data Types
(we will focus on this type)
References a single value
Scalar
Composite
References a data structure
Reference
References a specific database item (e.g., %TYPE,
%ROWTYPE)
LOB
References a large binary object (e.g., graphs, video)
23
Scalar Data Types

Represent a single value
Database scalar data types:
24
Scalar Data Types (cont.)

Represent a single value
Non-database scalar data types:
25
Tables: PL/SQL data types

Data Type
Usage
Sample Declaration
VARCHAR2
Variable-length character
strings
student_name
VARCHAR2(30);
CHAR
Fixed-length character
strings
student_gender CHAR(1);
NUMBER
Floating, fixed-point, or
integer number
current_price NUMBER(5,2);
LONG
Text, up to 32,760 bytes
evaluation_summary LONG;
DATE
Dates
todays_date DATE;
BOOLEAN
True/False values
order_flag BOOLEAN;
%TYPE
Assumes the data type of a

database field
c_address
customer.customer_address%; TYPE
%ROWTYPE
Assumes the data type of a

database record (row)
cust_order_record
cust_order% ROWTYPE;
26
Block Structure
PL/SQL is a block
structured language.
That just means everything
you do is done in terms of
blocks of code.
-- Figure 4-1; p.195

DECLARE /HEADER
<variable declarations>;
BEGIN
<body executable code>;
All PL/SQL blocks share

the same basic structure.
EXCEPTION
Comments:
<exception/error
handling code>;
Not executed by interpreter

Enclosed between /* and */
On one line beginning with -Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)
END;
27
Comment Statements
There are two types of comments in PL/SQL:
Single-line and multi-line.
Single Line:
x := 4; -- assign 4 to the variable x
Multi-line:
/* Assign 4 to
the variable x */
x := 4;
28
Assignment Statements
Assigns a value to a variable

variable_name := value;
Value can be a literal:

current_s_first_name := 'John';
Value can be another variable:

current_s_first_name := s_first_name;
29
Executing a PL/SQL Program in

SQL*Plus
Create program in text editor

-- PL/SQL #1: *** with syntax error ***
(using Notepad)
DECLARE
Paste into SQL*Plus
todays_date
DATE;
window
BEGIN
Press Enter, type / then enter
todays_date = SYSDATE;
to execute
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Today''s date is ');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(todays_date);
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
END;
SIZE 4000
-- PL/SQL #2
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
todays_date
DATE;
BEGIN
todays_date := SYSDATE;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Todays date is ');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(todays_date);
END;
30
-- PL/SQL #3a (ok for this version)

--PL/SQL program to display the current date
DECLARE
todays_date DATE;
BEGIN
todays_date := SYSDATE;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Today''s date is ' || (todays_date));
END;
--PL/SQL#3b program to display the current date
-- CURRENT_DATE returns the current date and time from the user session (from
-- client software and it may be in a different location from the server database (p.355)
DECLARE
todays_date DATE;
BEGIN
todays_date := CURRENT_DATE;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Today''s date is ' || TO_CHAR(todays_date));
END;
31
Data Type Conversion Functions

Function
TO_DATE
Description
Converts a character string
to a date
TO_NUMBER Converts a character string

to a number
TO_CHAR
if today is:
Tuesday,
October 15,
2011
Example
TO_DATE(07/14/01,MM/DD/YY);
TO_NUMBER(2);
Converts either a number or TO_CHAR(2);

a date to a character string
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE);
return October
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, MONTH);
return Tuesday
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, DAY);
return 15
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, DD);
return 11:30 AM
TO_CHAR(curr_time, HH:MI AM);
32
Debugging PL/SQL Programs

Syntax error:
Command does not follow the guidelines of the
programming language
Generates compiler or interpreter error
messages
Logic error:
Program runs but results in an incorrect result
Caused by mistake in program
RUN-TIME error
33
-- PL/SQL#5a Program with a logic error and debugging statements

DECLARE
Call ID department is: MIS
curr_call_id VARCHAR2(30) := 'MIS 101'; Original string value: MIS 101
blank_space NUMBER(2);
Start position: 4
curr_dept VARCHAR2(30);
Number of characters: 3
Course Number is: 10
curr_number VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
blank_space := INSTR(curr_call_id,' ');
curr_dept := SUBSTR(curr_call_id, 1, (blank_space - 1));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Call ID department is: ' || curr_dept);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Original string value: ' || curr_call_id);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Start position: ' || blank_space);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Number of characters: ' ||
(LENGTH(curr_call_id) - blank_space));
curr_number := SUBSTR(curr_call_id, blank_space,
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Course Number is: ' || curr_number);
END;
34
-- PL/SQL#5b Program with a correct logic

Call ID department is: MIS
DECLARE
curr_call_id VARCHAR2(30) := 'MIS 101'; Original string value: MIS 101
Start position: 4
blank_space NUMBER(2);
Number of characters: 3
curr_dept VARCHAR2(30);
Course Number is: 101
curr_number VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
blank_space := INSTR(curr_call_id,' ');
curr_dept := SUBSTR(curr_call_id, 1, (blank_space - 1));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Call ID department is: ' || curr_dept);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Original string value: ' || curr_call_id);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Start position: ' || blank_space);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Number of characters: ' ||
curr_number := SUBSTR(curr_call_id, (blank_space+1),
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Course Number is: ' || curr_number);
END;
35
Terminology
Function predefined block of code that
accepts arguments
Single-row function returns one row of
results for each record processed
Multiple-row function returns one result
per group of data processed (covered in the
next chapter)
36
Types of Functions
Table 10-1
Functions Covered in This Chapter
37
Practice all the examples in the text.

A Script file is available on the Bb (file
name: Ch10Queries.sql)
After completing all examples, do the HW.
38
Homework - Hands-On Assignments

Email me with one attachment
(Oracle_ch10_Spool_Lname_Fname.) to:
with subject title of
bmis441_Oracle_ch10 or mbus699_Oracle_ch10
Read and Practice all examples on Chapters 10
1. Run the script files (in the folder
\oradata\chapter10\): JLDB_Build_10.sql and
download other data files
2. Read Oracle assignment and create a script file
Oracle_ch10_Lname_Fname.sql for questions
(#3,4,10; p.381) on Hands-on Assignments. Use
appropriate COLUMN statements to produce readable
outputs
3. Execute and test one problem at a time and make sure
they are all running successfully.
4. When you done, spool the script files (see next slide
for spooling instructions) and email the file
(Oracle_ch10_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt) to me by the
midnight before the next class.
39
How to Spool your Script and Output Files

After you tested the script file of Oracle_ch10_Lname_Fname.sql
successfully, follow the instructions below to spool both script and output
files:
Step 0. Run the following script file from SQL*Plus (since you have created
JLDB tables)
Start c:\oradata\chapter10\JLDB_Build_10.sql
1. type the following on SQL>

Spool c:\oradata\Oracle_ch10_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt (make sure your name is
entered)
2. open Oracle_ch10_Lname_Fname.sql that you already tested

3. copy and paste all the SQL commands (including all comments) to the
SQL*PLUS
4. type Spool Off on the SQL>
The output should contain your personal information, all SQL commands and
their solution on the .txt file and saved in C: drive (oradata\ folder)
Email me with the spooled file (.txt) with attachment to:
with subject title of
bmis441_Oracle_ch10
40
Your Turn
PART II
Study yourself
Learning to learn and learning to change
41
Nesting Functions
Figure 10-8 INSTR nested inside SUBSTR

42
LENGTH Function
Used to determine the number of characters in a string
Figure 10-10
Checking data width with the LENGTH function

43
LTRIM
and RTRIM Functions
Used to remove a specific string of characters
Figure 10-12
Using the LTRIM function

44
REPLACE Function
Substitutes a string with another specified string
Figure 10-13
Using the REPLACE function

45
TRANSLATE Function
Figure 10-14
Using TRANSLATE to substitute character values
46
CONCAT Function
Used to concatenate two character strings
Figure 10-15
Using the CONCAT function

47
Number Functions
Allow for manipulation of numeric data
ROUND
TRUNC
MOD
ABS
48
ROUND Function
Used to round numeric columns to a stated precision
Figure 10-16
Using the ROUND function to round numbers to various places
49
TRUNC Function
Used to truncate a numeric value to a specific position
Figure 10-17
Using the TRUNC function to truncate numbers at various places
50
MOD Function
Figure 10-18
Using the MOD functions to return the remainder
51
ABS Function
Figure 10-19
The effect of using the ABS function
52
Date Functions
Used to perform date calculations or format date values
Subtract date for number of days difference
Figure 10-20
A calculation with date columns
53
MONTHS_BETWEEN Function
Determines the number of months between two

dates
Figure 10-21
Using the MONTHS_BETWEEN function

54
ADD_MONTHS Function
Adds a specified number of months to a date
Figure 10-22
Using the ADD_MONTHS function

55
NEXT_DAY Function
Determines the next occurrence of a specified day

of the week after a given date
Figure 10-23
Using the NEXT_DAY function

56
TO_DATE Function
Converts various date formats to the internal

format (DD-MON-YY) used by Oracle 11g
Figure 10-25
Using the TO_DATE function

57
Format Model Elements - Dates
Table 10-2
Format Arguments for Dates

58
ROUND Function
Figure 10-26
Rounding dates by month and year
59
TRUNC Function
Figure 10-27
Using the TRUNC function on date calculation results
60
TO_CHAR Function
Converts dates and numbers to a formatted
character string
Figure 10-39
Formatting values for display with TO_CHAR

61
TO_NUMBER Function
Figure 10-43
Using the TO_NUMBER function to convert a string to a numeric datatype
62
DUAL Table
Dummy table
Consists of one column and one row
Can be used for table reference in the FROM
clause
63
Using DUAL
Figure 10-44
Practicing functions by using a DUAL table
64
Summary
Single-row functions return a result for each row or record
processed
Case conversion functions such as UPPER, LOWER, and
INITCAP can be used to alter the case of character strings
Character manipulation functions can be used to extract
substrings (portions of a string), identify the position of a
substring in a string, replace occurrences of a string with
another string, determine the length of a character string, and
trim spaces or characters from strings
Nesting one function within another allows multiple
operations to be performed on data
65
Summary (continued)
Simple number functions such as ROUND and TRUNC can
round or truncate a number on both the left and right side of a
decimal
The MOD function is used to return the remainder of a
division operation
Date functions can be used to perform calculations with dates
or to change the format of dates entered by a user
Regular expressions enable complex pattern matching
operations
The NVL, NVL2, and NULLIF functions are used to address
problems encountered with NULL values
66
Summary (continued)
The TO_CHAR function lets a user present numeric data and
dates in a specific format
The DECODE function allows an action to be taken to be
determined by a specific value
The searched CASE expression enables you to evaluate
conditions to determine the resulting value
The SOUNDEX function looks for records based on the
phonetic representation of characters
The DUAL table can be helpful when testing functions
67

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PL/SQL and

Functions Must Study and Understand

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Refresh the Database

2. Run the following script file

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Case Conversion Functions

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Figure 10-1 LOWER function in the WHERE clause

LOWER Function (cont.)

Figure 10-2 LOWER function in the SELECT and WHERE clauses

UPPER Function manage user input

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Figure 10-3 Using UPPER function to manage user input

Figure 10-4 INITCAP function in a SELECT clause modifies the display

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Character Manipulation Functions

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Figure 10-7 Comparison of INSTR arguments

Combines SQL commands with

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Using SQL Commands in PL/SQL

Date Definition Create/change

Query or change SELECT, INSERT,

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Table: PL/SQL command capitalization styles

Predefined data types

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Identifiers and Variables:

And sure they cannot be reserved words

Variables and Data Types

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Scalar Data Types

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Scalar Data Types (cont.)

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Tables: PL/SQL data types

Text, up to 32,760 bytes

Assumes the data type of a

Assumes the data type of a

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

-- Figure 4-1; p.195

All PL/SQL blocks share

Not executed by interpreter

Assigns a value to a variable

Value can be a literal:

Value can be another variable:

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Executing a PL/SQL Program in

Create program in text editor

-- PL/SQL #3a (ok for this version)

Data Type Conversion Functions

TO_NUMBER Converts a character string

Converts either a number or TO_CHAR(2);

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Debugging PL/SQL Programs

-- PL/SQL#5a Program with a logic error and debugging statements

-- PL/SQL#5b Program with a correct logic

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)