Oracle ch9

Database Development
ORACLE
(SQL Components)
DDL
DML
JL_D.B.
DCL
(Retrieve Data and
Produce Information
from Multiple Tables)
Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)
Chapter 9
Joining Data from Multiple
Tables
(p.284-296; p.312-330)
Jason C. H. Chen, Ph.D.
Professor of MIS
School of Business
Gonzaga University
Spokane, WA 99258 USA
chen@jepson.gonzaga.edu
Objectives
Identify a Cartesian join

Create an equality join using the WHERE clause
Create an equality join using the JOIN keyword
Create a non-equality join using the WHERE
clause
Create a non-equality join using the JOINON
approach
Objectives (continued)
Create a self-join using the WHERE clause

Create a self-join using the JOIN keyword
Distinguish an inner join from an outer join
Create an outer join using the WHERE clause
Create an outer join using the OUTER
keyword
Use set operators to combine the results of
multiple queries
Creating additional Tables for chapter 9

Run the following command for creating
additional tables:
SQL>start c:\oradata\chapter9\JLDB_Build_9.sql
The following four tables will be added to

your database:
Warehouses,
Publisher2, Publisher3 and
Employees
Additional Database for chapter 9
pk
warehouses
wh_id
NUMBER(2)
pk
warehouses
location
VARCHAR2(12)
Publishe2
ID
NUMBER(2)
pk
Name
VARCHAR2(23)
Contact
VARCHAR2(15)
Phone
VARCHAR2(12)
Publishe3
ID
Name
Contact
Phone
NUMBER(2)
VARCHAR2(23)
VARCHAR2(15)
VARCHAR2(12)
Publishe2
pk
Publishe3
Employees
EMPNO
LNAME
FNAME
JOB
HIREDATE
DEPTNO
MTHSAL
MGR
NUMBER(4)
VARCHAR2(20)
VARCHAR2(15)
VARCHAR2(19)
DATE
NUMBER(2)
NUMBER(7,2)
NUMBER(4)
Purpose of Joins
Joins are used to link tables and reconstruct
data in a relational database
Joins can be created through:
Conditions in a WHERE clause
Use of JOIN keywords in FROM clause
How many records will be in the Cartesian Join?
Figure 9-1 Results of a Cartesian Product

Cartesian Joins
Created by omitting joining condition in the
WHERE clause or through CROSS JOIN
keywords in the FROM clause
Results in every possible row combination
(m * n)
They are useful when
performing certain statistical procedures for
data analysis
Cartesian Join Example:

Omitted Condition
Q: Why
unintentional
Cartesian join is
produced?
A: Because Oracle
didnt know what
data the two tables
had in common.
Q: How to solve
the problem?
(70 rows produced)
Figure 9-3
Producing an unintentional Cartesian join
A: Use of
Equality Joins (or
inner/simple/natu
ral).
-- chapter 9, Figure 9-3; p.288
SELECT title, name
FROM books, publisher;
10
Cartesian Join Example:

CROSS (Cartesian) JOIN Keywords

SELECT isbn, title, location, '
FROM books, warehouses
ORDER BY location, title;
' Count
(42 rows produced)
Figure 9-4
Using the CROSS JOIN keywords

SELECT isbn, title, location, ' ' Count
FROM books CROSS JOIN warehouses
ORDER BY location, title;
11
Equality Joins
Link rows through equivalent data that
exists in both tables
Created by:
Creating equivalency condition in the WHERE
clause
Using NATURAL JOIN, JOINUSING, or
JOINON keywords in the FROM clause
12
Joining Multiple Tables

Join: combine data from multiple database tables
using foreign key references
SELECT field1, field2, ...
FROM table1, table2
WHERE table1.joinfield = table2.joinfield
AND search_condition(s);
If tables share field names, must prefix field in select
with table name (table1.field1, table2.field1)
Join condition: part of where clause indicating how
tables are related (table1.foreign_key =
table2.primary key)
Search conditions can be added to join condition using
AND operator
13
Inner Join (cont.)
Q: why
Brown is not
on the result?
-- Exatra example
SELECT s_id, s_last, s_first,
student.f_id, f_last
FROM student, faculty
WHERE student.f_id =
faculty.f_id;
S_ID
-----1
2
3
4
5
6
6 rows
Q: How many rows

will be produced if
C-Join is used?
S_LAST
S_FIRST F_ID F_LAST
-------- -------- ---- -------Jones
Tammy
1 Cox
Perez
Jorge
1 Cox
Marsh
John
1 Cox
Smith
Mike
2 Blanchard
Johnson Lisa
4 Sheng
Nguyen
Ni
3 Williams
selected.
14
Natural Join Inner Join

It can be used when the tables have a single
commonly named and defined column.
-- Extra Example
SELECT s_id, s_last, s_first,
student.f_id, f_last
FROM student, faculty
WHERE student.f_id =
faculty.f_id;
S_ID
-----1
2
3
4
5
6
6 rows
S_LAST
S_FIRST F_ID F_LAST
-------- -------- ---- -------Jones
Tammy
1 Cox
Perez
Jorge
1 Cox
Marsh
John
1 Cox
Smith
Mike
2 Blanchard
Johnson Lisa
4 Sheng
Nguyen
Ni
3 Williams
selected.
-- Use NATURAL JOIN

SELECT s_id, s_last, s_first, f_id, f_last
FROM student NATURAL JOIN faculty;
15
Equality Joins (Traditional Method):

WHERE Clause Example
Figure 9-6
An equality join
16
Qualifying Column Names

Columns in
both tables
must be
qualified
Which table is
pubid from?
Is it from
publisher or
books?
-- chapter 9, Figure 9-7(b); p.292
SELECT title, books.pubid,
name
FROM books, publisher
WHERE books.pubid =
Figure 9-7
publisher.pubid;
A column ambiguously defined error

17
WHERE Clause Supports Join and Other Conditions
Figure 9-8
Including search and join conditions in a WHERE clause
-- Use aliases
SELECT b.title, b.pubid, p.name
FROM books b, publisher p
WHERE b.pubid = p.pubid
AND (b.cost < 15 OR p.pubid = 1)
ORDER BY title;
18
Using a Query Design Diagram

Helpful for creating complicated queries
Can use a formula to derive actual query from diagram
Query: Display customers lastname, firstname and
books title they purchased
Customers
Orders
Orderitems
Books
customer# (j)
lastname (d)
firstname (d)
order# (j)
customer# (j)
order# (j)
isbn (j)
isbn (j)
title (d)
j: join
s: search
d: display
19

Customers
Orders
Orderitems
Books
customer# (j)
lastname (d)
firstname (d)
order# (j)
customer# (j)
order# (j)
isbn (j)
isbn (j)
title (d)
Figure: Join query design diagram
j: join
s: search
You can derive your query from the diagram by following these
steps:
d: display
1. Place the display fields in the SELECT clause

2. List all of the tables in the FROM clause
3. Include the links in join conditions in the WHERE clause

4. Include all of the search fields in the WHERE clause (if needed)
20

Customers
Orders
Orderitems
Books
customer# (j)
lastname (d)
firstname (d)
order# (j)
customer# (j)
order# (j)
isbn (j)
isbn (j)
title (d)
j: join
s: search
d: display

SELECT c.lastname, c.firstname, b.title
FROM customers c, orders o, orderitems oi, books b
WHERE c.customer# = o.customer#
AND o.order# = oi.order#
AND oi.isbn = b.isbn
ORDER BY lastname, firstname;
21
Joining More Than Two Tables

Joining
four tables
requires
three join
conditions
Joining N
tables
requires
___ join
conditions
Figure 9-10 Joining four tables

22

books title and only in COMPUTER category
Customers
Orders
Orderitems
Books
customer# (j)
lastname (d)
firstname (d)
order# (j)
customer# (j)
order# (j)
isbn (j)
isbn (j)
title (d)
category (s)
_______
j: join
s: search
d: display

SELECT c.lastname, c.firstname, b.title
FROM customers c, orders o, orderitems oi, books b
WHERE c.customer# = o.customer#
AND o.order# = oi.order#
AND oi.isbn = b.isbn
AND category = COMPUTER
ORDER BY lastname, firstname;
23
Equality Joins: NATURAL JOIN
Figure 9-12 Using the NATURAL JOIN keywords

24
No Qualifiers with a NATURAL JOIN
Figure 9-13 Column qualifier error with a NATURAL JOIN
Natural Join keyword (e.g, pubid), we are not required to be specified

when the two tables have it in common.
Therefore most developers avoid using a NATURAL JOIN because it
can cause unexpected results.
25
Equality Joins: JOINUSING

Figure 9-14
Performing
a join with
the JOIN
USING
keywords
26
Break
Assignments (#2 & #5 on p. 329; see at the end of
the slides)
Figure out how to produce the output with $
displayed (below is a sample output for #5, p.329)
hint:
a) column
b) TO_CHAR (see p.365-367 and learning to learn)
TITLE
PROFIT
------------------------------ -------PAINLESS CHILD-REARING
$37.45
HOW TO MANAGE THE MANAGER
$16.55
PAINLESS CHILD-REARING
$37.45
TO_CHAR( PROFIT, _______ )

27
Query: list all author IDs with books in the Family Life category
SELECT ba.authorid
FROM books b JOIN bookauthor ba
USING (isbn)
WHERE category = 'FAMILY LIFE;
Query: list all author IDs with books in the Children category
SELECT ba.authorid
USING (isbn)
WHERE category = 'CHILDREN';
28
Query: list all author IDs with books in the Family Life or
Children category
-- chapter 9, Figure 9-28; p. 313(version 2)
SELECT ba.authorid
USING (isbn)
WHERE category = FAMILY LIFE
OR category = CHILDREN;
Anything not appropriate in
the output?
How to take care this type of
problem in an easy way?
29
Using Set Operators to Combine Query

Results
Performs set operations on outputs of two
unrelated queries
They all require that both queries
have the same number of display fields in the
SELECT statement, and that
each field in the first query has the same data
type as the corresponding column in the second
query.
<query 1> <SET Operator> <query 2>
30
SET THEORY
31
SET THEORY
C
A-B
B-A
=A-B
=B-A
=A INTERSECT B
All Regions
=A UNION B
(with C counted just once)
32
SET THEORY
A
D
B
A MINUS B=D
A INTERSECT B= C
B MINUS A=E A UNION

B = D+C+E
C
A UNION ALL B = D+C+E+__
33
Oracle 11g/SQL Set Operator (Table 9-2)

Use to select data from multiple tables not connected
with foreign key relationships
Used to combine the results of two or more SELECT
statements
UNION (see Figure 9-28)
returns all rows from both queries, but ONLY displays
duplicate rows once
UNION ALL (see Figure 9-30)

returns all (duplicate) rows from both queries, and displays
ALL duplicate rows
INTERSECT (see Figure 9-34)

returns all matching rows that are returned by both queries
MINUS (see Figure 9-35)

returns all rows returned by the first query minus the
matching rows returned by the second query
34
Query: list all author IDs with books in the Family Life or
Children category
SELECT ba.authorid
USING (isbn)
WHERE category = 'FAMILY LIFE
UNION
SELECT ba.authorid
USING (isbn)
WHERE category = 'CHILDREN';
Figure 9-28 Producing an unduplicated combined list

with the UNION set operator
35
Set Operators: UNION and UNION ALL Examples
What is the difference on the outputs?

36
Query: list all customer numbers and those customers who have
placed an order recently
SELECT customer#
FROM customers
INTERSECT
SELECT customer#
FROM orders;
Figure 9-34 Identifying
overlapping values with the
INTERSECT set operator
37
Query: list all customer numbers but

havent placed an order recently
SELECT customer#
FROM customers
MINUS
SELECT customer#
FROM orders;
Figure 9-35 Subtract result sets
with the MINUS set operator
38
MORE EXAMPLES on SET OPERATORS

You need to run the following command
to make the example work:
@ c:\oradata\NW_CW\northwoods.sql
Query: A list of faculty members whose offices are in the BUS

building. (Extra example)
FACULTY
f_first (d)
f_last (d)
loc_id (j)
LOCATION
loc_id (j)
bldg_code (s)
SELECT f_first, f_last

FROM faculty, location
WHERE faculty.loc_id = location.loc_id
AND bldg_code = 'BUS';
39
Query: A list of faculty members who have taught a course in the

BUS building.
FACULTY
f_first (d)
f_last (d)
f_id (j)
COURSE_
SECTION
f_id (j)
loc_id (j)
LOCATION
loc_id (j)
bldg_code (s)
SELECT DISTINCT f_first, f_last

FROM faculty, location, course_section
WHERE faculty.f_id = course_section.f_id
AND location.loc_id = course_section.loc_id
40

building or who have taught a course in the BUS building. (extra
example)

AND bldg_code = 'BUS'
Office
in BUS
UNION
Taught
courses
in BUS
41

building and who have taught a course in the BUS building.
(extra example)

Office
in BUS
INTERSECT
Taught
courses
in BUS
42
And NEXT ...

Query: A list of faculty members who have taught a course in the
BUS building, but whose office are NOT located in the BUS

Taught
courses
in BUS
MINUS
Office
in BUS
43
Practice all the examples in the text.

A Script file is available on the Bb (file
name: ch9Queries.sql)
After completing all examples, do the HW.
44
Homework - Hands-On Assignments

Email me with one attachment
(Oracle_ch9_Spool_Lname_Fname.) to:
with subject title of
bmis441_Oracle_ch9
Read and Practice all examples on Chapters 9
1. Run the script files (in the folder \oradata\chapter9\):
JLDB_Build_9.sql
2a. Read Oracle assignment and create a script file
Oracle_ch9_Lname_Fname.sql for questions (#2 & #5 ; p.329)
on Hands-on Assignments (use TWO SQL queries, traditional
one and with JOIN read instructions carefully)
2b. Be sure to use i) traditional method, ii) JOIN keyword, iii) draw
Query Design Diagrams for each problem, and iv) use COLUMN
statement to produce readable outputs see next slide for details
3. Execute and test one problem at a time and make sure they are all
running successfully.
4. When you done, spool the script files (see next slide for spooling
instructions) and email the file
5. Include Query Design Diagrams
45
How to Spool your Script and Output Files and

add Query Design Diagrams
After you tested the script file of Oracle_ch9_Lname_Fname.sql successfully,
follow the instructions below to spool both script and output files:
Step 0. Run the following script file from SQL*Plus (since you have created
JLDB tables)
Start c:\oradata\chapter9\JLDB_Build_9.sql
1. type the following on SQL>
Spool c:\oradata\Oracle_ch9_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt (make sure
your name is entered)
2. open Oracle_ch9_Lname_Fname.sql that you already tested
3. copy and paste all the SQL commands (including all comments) to the
SQL*PLUS
4. type Spool Off on the SQL>
The output should contain your personal information, all SQL commands and
their solution on the .txt file and saved in C: drive (oradata\folder).
Be sure that COLUMN commands might be needed on the script file to align
the output.
46
How to Spool your Script and Output Files and

add Query Design Diagrams (continued)
5. Next, you should use MS/Word to open the *.txt file and
include/DRAW Query Design Diagram figures for queries with
multiple tables. You may use font of Courier new to align the
output.
6. Save it as *.doc (or docx) file.
Email me with the *.doc (or *.docx) file that includes all required documents
with attachment to:
with subject title of
bmis441_Oracle_ch9
47
Summary
Data stored in multiple tables regarding a single
entity can be linked together through the use of
joins
A Cartesian join between two tables returns every
possible combination of rows from the tables; the
resulting number of rows is always m * n
An equality join is created when the data joining
the records from two different tables are an exact
match
A non-equality join establishes a relationship based
upon anything other than an equal condition
Self-joins are used when a table must be joined to
itself to retrieve needed data
48
Summary (continued)
Inner joins are categorized as being equality, nonequality, or self-joins
An outer join is created when records need to be
included in the results without having
corresponding records in the join tables
The record is matched with a NULL record so it will be
included in the output
Set operators such as UNION, UNION ALL,

INTERSECT, and MINUS can be used to
combine the results of multiple queries
49

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Database Development

Identify a Cartesian join

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Create a self-join using the WHERE clause

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Creating additional Tables for chapter 9

The following four tables will be added to

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Additional Database for chapter 9

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

How many records will be in the Cartesian Join?

Figure 9-1 Results of a Cartesian Product

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Cartesian Join Example:

Producing an unintentional Cartesian join

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Cartesian Join Example:

-- chapter 9, Figure 9-2; p.287

(42 rows produced)

Using the CROSS JOIN keywords

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

-- chapter 9, Figure 9-4; p.289

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Joining Multiple Tables

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Inner Join (cont.)

Q: How many rows

Natural Join Inner Join

-- Use NATURAL JOIN

Equality Joins (Traditional Method):

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Qualifying Column Names

A column ambiguously defined error

WHERE Clause Supports Join and Other Conditions

Including search and join conditions in a WHERE clause

Using a Query Design Diagram

Query: Display customers lastname, firstname and

Figure: Join query design diagram

1. Place the display fields in the SELECT clause

3. Include the links in join conditions in the WHERE clause

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Query: Display customers lastname, firstname and

Figure: Join query design diagram

-- chapter 9, Figure 9-10; p.295

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Joining More Than Two Tables

Figure 9-10 Joining four tables

Query: Display customers lastname, firstname and

Figure: Join query design diagram

-- chapter 9, Figure 9-10; p.295

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Equality Joins: NATURAL JOIN

Figure 9-12 Using the NATURAL JOIN keywords

No Qualifiers with a NATURAL JOIN

Figure 9-13 Column qualifier error with a NATURAL JOIN

Natural Join keyword (e.g, pubid), we are not required to be specified

Equality Joins: JOINUSING

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

TO_CHAR( PROFIT, _______ )

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Using Set Operators to Combine Query