Oracle ch5

Chapter 5
Data Manipulation and

Transaction Control
Jason C. H. Chen, Ph.D.
Professor of MIS
School of Business
Gonzaga University
Spokane, WA 99258 USA
chen@jepson.gonzaga.edu
Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)
Objectives
Use the INSERT command to add a record to an
existing table
Manage virtual columns in data manipulations
Use quotes in data values
Use a subquery to copy records from an existing
table
Use the UPDATE command to modify the
existing rows of a table
Use substitution variables with an UPDATE
command
Objectives (continued)
Delete records
Manage transactions with transaction
control commands COMMIT, ROLLBACK,
and SAVEPOINT
Differentiate between a shared lock and an
exclusive lock
Use the SELECTFOR UPDATE
command to create a shared lock
Refresh the Database

1. Run the following script file
Start c:\oradata\chapter5\JLDB_Build_5.sql
SQL Components
ORACLE
(SQL Components)
DDL
DML
D.B.
DCL
(Create Table structure
and insert database)
DDL Commands
Used to create and modify the structure of
database objects
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
DDL commands execute as soon as they are

issued, and do not need to be explicitly saved
DML Commands
Used to insert, view, and modify database data
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
SELECT
DML commands need to be explicitly saved or

rolled back
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT
DCL Commands
Used to control the privileges and security of
database objects
GRANT
REVOKE
Security Granting Table Privileges

Security is the prevention of unauthorized access
to the database. Within an organization, the
database administrator determines the types of
access various users need for the database.
Some users might be able to retrieve and update
data in the database. Other users might be able to
retrieve any data from the database but not make
any changes to it. Still other users might be able
to access only a portion of the database.
INSERT Command
Used to add rows to existing tables

Identify the table in the INSERT INTO clause
Specify data in the VALUES clause
Can only add one row at a time to a table
Enclose nonnumeric data in single quotes
If a column list is not provided, a value must be
assigned to each column in the table
Figure 5-2
Syntax of the INSERT command
10
Your Turn
Re-run a new script file not including
acctmanager table
SQL> start c:\oradata\chapter5\JLDB_Build_5.sql
You now are able to

create acctmanager table, and
insert new rows (data value) into the acctmanager
table
11
The acctmanaer Table Creation

Amid
Amfirst
Amlast
AmeDate
Amsal
Amcomm
Region
VARCHAR2(4)
VARCHAR2(12)
VARCHAR2(12)
DATE
NUMBER(8,2)
NUMBER(7,2)
CHAR(2)
CREATE TABLE acctmanager

(amid CHAR(4),
amfirst VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL,
amlast VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL,
amedate DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE,
amsal NUMBER(8,2),
amcomm NUMBER(7,2) DEFAULT 0,
region CHAR(2),
CONSTRAINT acctmanager_amid_pk PRIMARY KEY (amid),
CONSTRAINT acctmanager_region_ck
CHECK (region IN ('N', 'NW', 'NE', 'S', 'SE', 'SW', 'W', 'E')));
Figure 5-1 The ACCTMANAGER table creation
12
Inserting New Records

ID
Name
Employment Date Salary
Commission Region
T500
Nick Taylor
September 5, 2009
$42,000
$3,500
L500
Mandy Lopez
October 1, 2009
$47,000
$1,500
J500
Sammie Jones
Today
$39,5000
$2,000
NE
NW
Table 5-2 Data for Account Managers
Type the following commands:

-- chapter 5, Figure 5-3; p. 140
INSERT INTO acctmanager
VALUES ('T500', 'NICK', 'TAYLOR', '05-SEP-09', 42000,
3500, 'NE');
SELECT * FROM acctmanager;
13
Inserting New Records (Your Turn )

INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, amlast, amedate, amsal, amcomm)
VALUES ('L500', 'MANDY', 'LOPEZ', '01-OCT-09', 47000, 1500);
SELECT *
FROM acctmanager;
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-9; p. 143 [ ERROR OCCURS (NO ' ')]
INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, amlast, amedate, amsal, amcomm,
region)
VALUES ('J500', 'Sammie', 'Jones', DEFAULT, 39500, 2000, 'NW');
-INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, amlast, amsal, amcomm, region)
VALUES ('J500', 'Sammie', 'Jones', 39500, 2000, 'NW');
SELECT *
FROM acctmanager;
14
INSERT Command Examples

No Column List
Figure 5-3
The INSERT command for Nick Taylor
Column List
Figure 5-9
Use an INSERT statement that applies a DEFAULT column option
15
Three Ways Inserting NULL Value

Omit column name from INSERT INTO clause column list
Substitute two single quotation marks
Use NULL keyword
INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, amlast, amedate, amsal,
amcomm)
VALUES ('L500', 'MANDY', 'LOPEZ', '01-OCT-09', 47000, 1500);
VALUES ('L500', 'MANDY', 'LOPEZ', '01-OCT-09', 47000, 1500, '');
VALUES ('L500', 'MANDY', 'LOPEZ', '01-OCT-09', 47000, 1500, NULL);
Figure 5-6
The INSERT INTO command for Mandy Lopez
NULL value input

16
Three Ways Inserting SYSDATE Value

(Note: errors in the text book; p.143)
Insert the current date SYSDATE in the Amedate column
Use the keyword DEFAULT for the column value in the VALUES
clause
Include a column list in the INSERT INTO clause that omits the Amedate
column
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-7; 5-8; p. 143
-- note that no is required, or, error occurred
amcomm, region)
VALUES ('J500', 'Sammie', 'Jones', SYSDATE, 39500, 2000, 'NW');
-- or
amcomm, region)
VALUES ('J500', 'Sammie', 'Jones', DEFAULT, 39500, 2000, 'NW');
INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, amlast, amsal, amcomm, region)
VALUES ('J500', 'Sammie', 'Jones', 39500, 2000, 'NW');
17
Handling Virtual Columns

Create an Amearn column as indicated in Fig. 5-11 (also in Fig.
3-2; p. 64. The column is called virtual column (or
derived/computed), which is generated from other column
values.
SELECT *
FROM acctmanager;

ALTER TABLE acctmanager
ADD (amearn AS (amsal + amcomm));
SELECT *
FROM acctmanager;
18
Handling Virtual Columns (cont.)

SELECT *
FROM acctmanager;
virtual (derived)
column
19
Manage Virtual Column Input
Figure 5-13 Error caused by using a virtual column in an INSERT statement

20
Handling Single Quotes in an INSERT Value

INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, smlast, amsal,
amcomm, region)
VALUES ('M500', 'Peg', 'O'hara', 46000, 2000, 'SW');

INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, smlast, amsal,
amcomm, region)
VALUES ('M500', 'Peg', 'O''hara', 46000, 2000, 'SW');
SELECT *
FROM acctmanager;
21
Constraint Violations
When you add or modify table data, the data
is checked for compliance with any
applicable constraints
You should practice all examples (more
commands such as UPDATE on p.150-157))
22
Inserting Data from an Existing Table

Substitute subquery for VALUES clause
Note: make sure you have re-run a new script
file (i.e., JLDB_Build_5.sql) with acctbonus
table created.
Subquery
Figure 5-19 INSERT INTO command with a subquery

SELECT *
FROM acctbonus;
23
Modifying Existing Rows

Modify rows using UPDATE command
Use UPDATE command to:
Add values to an existing row (replace NULL
values)
Change existing values
24
UPDATE Command
UPDATE clause identifies table
SET clause identifies column(s) being
changed and new value(s)
Optional WHERE clause specifies row(s) to
be changed if omitted, all rows will be
updated!
25
UPDATE Command Syntax
Figure 5-21 Syntax of the UPDATE command
UPDATE Command Examples

UPDATE acctmanager
SET amedate = '01-AUG-09'
WHERE amid = 'J500';
UPDATE acctmanager
SET region = 'W'
WHERE region IN ('NE', 'NW');

UPDATE acctmanager
SET amedate = '10-OCT-09',
region = 'S'
WHERE amid = 'L500';
SELECT * FROM acctmanager;
26
Substitution Variables
Prompts user for value
Identified by ampersand (&) preceding
variable name
Can be used to create interactive scripts
UPDATE customers
SET region = 'W'
WHERE state = 'CA';

UPDATE customers
SET region = '&Region'
WHERE state = '&State';
27
Substitution Variable Example
Figure 5-27 Prompt for substitution variable input

28
Figure 5-28 Verify

UPDATE results
29
Deleting Rows
DELETE command removes a row from a
table
WHERE clause
determines which
row(s) are removed
Figure 5-30 DELETE command to remove a row from the ACCTMANAGER table
30
DELETE Command Omitting WHERE Clause

Omitting WHERE clause removes all rows
Example below removes all rows from the
acctmanager table
Figure 5-32 DELETE command without the WHERE clause
31
Transaction Control Statements

Results of data manipulation language
(DML) are not permanently updated to a
table until explicit or implicit COMMIT
occurs
Transaction control statements can:
Commit data through COMMIT command
Undo data changes through ROLLBACK
command
32
COMMIT Command
Explicit COMMIT occurs by executing
COMMIT;
Implicit COMMIT occurs when DDL
command is executed or user properly exits
system
Permanently updates table(s) and allows
other users to view changes
33
ROLLBACK Command
Used to undo changes that have not been
committed
Occurs when:
ROLLBACK; is executed
System restarts after a crash
SAVEPOINT marks a specific spot within the
transaction
Can ROLLBACK to a SAVEPOINT to undo part
of the transaction
34
Transaction Control Example

A
B
C
SAVEPOINT ALEX;
ROLLBACK TO ONE;
Figure 5-34 Establishing a SAVEPOINT

35
Transaction Control Example (continued)
Figure 5-35 Database before using ROLLBACK TO ONE;

ROLLBACK TO ONE;
Only undo DML actions

after SAVEPOINT
Figure 5-37 Undo changes to SAVEPOINT ONE

36
Transaction Control Example (continued)
Figure 5-37 Database before using ROLLBACK

ROLLBACK;
Figure 5-39 Verify the ROLLBACK results
37
Practice all the examples in the text.

A Script file is available on the Bb (file
name: Ch5Queries.sql)
After completing all examples, do the HW.
38
Homework - Hands-On Assignments

Email me with one attachment
(Oracle_ch5_Spool_Lname_Fname.) to:
with subject title of
bmis441_Oracle_ch5 or mbus699_Oracle_ch5
Read and Practice all examples on Chapters 5
1. Run the script files (in the folder \oradata\chapter5\):
JLDB_Build_5.sql
2. Read Oracle assignment and create a script file
Oracle_ch5_Lname_Fname.sql for questions (#1 to
#5, #9,#10; p.170) on Hands-on Assignments. .
3. Execute and test one problem at a time and make sure
they are all running successfully.
4. When you done, spool the script files (see next slide
for spooling instructions) and email the file
(Oracle_ch5_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt) to me by the
midnight before the next class.
39
How to Spool your Script and Output Files

After you tested the script file of Oracle_ch5_Lname_Fname.sql successfully,
follow the instructions below to spool both script and output files:
Step 0. Run the following script file from SQL*Plus (since you have created
JLDB tables)
Start c:\oradata\chapter5\JLDB_Build_5.sql
1. type the following on SQL>

Spool c:\oradata\Oracle_ch5_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt (make sure your name is entered)
2. open Oracle_ch5_Lname_Fname.sql that you already tested

3. copy and paste all the SQL commands (including all comments) to the
SQL*PLUS
4. type Spool Off on the SQL>
The output should contain your personal information, all SQL commands and
their solution on the .txt file and saved in C: drive (oradata\ folder)
Email me with the spooled file (.txt) with attachment to:
with subject title of
bmis441_Oracle_ch5 or mbus699_Oracle_ch5
40
Summary
Data manipulation language (DML) includes the INSERT,
UPDATE, DELETE, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK commands
The INSERT INTO command is used to add new rows to an
existing table
The column list specified in the INSERT INTO clause must
match the order of data entered in the VALUES clause
A virtual column must be ignored in all DML actions because
the database system generates this column value automatically
You can use a NULL value in an INSERT INTO command by
including the keyword NULL, omitting the column from the
column list of the INSERT INTO clause, or entering two
single quotes (without a space) in the position of the NULL
value
41
Summary (continued)
To assign a DEFAULT option value, a column must be
excluded from the column list in an INSERT statement or the
keyword DEFAULT must be included as the value for the
column
In a DML statement, two single quotes together must be used
to represent a single quote in a value
If rows are copied from a table and entered in an existing
table by using a subquery in the INSERT INTO command,
the VALUES clause must be omitted because its irrelevant
You can change the contents of a row or group of rows with
the UPDATE command
You can use substitution variables to allow you to execute the
same command several times with different data values
42
Summary (continued)
DML operations arent stored permanently in a table until a
COMMIT command is issued implicitly or explicitly
A transaction consists of a set of DML operations committed as
a block
Uncommitted DML operations can be undone by issuing the
ROLLBACK command
A SAVEPOINT serves as a marker for a point in a transaction
and allows rolling back only a portion of the transaction
Use the DELETE command to remove records from a table; if
the WHERE clause is omitted, all rows in the table are deleted
Table locks can be used to prevent users from mistakenly
overwriting changes made by other users
43
Summary (continued)
Table locks can be in SHARE mode or EXCLUSIVE mode
EXCLUSIVE mode is the most restrictive table lock and
prevents any other user from placing any locks on the same
table
A lock is released when a transaction control statement is
issued, a DDL statement is executed, or the user exits the
system by using the EXIT command
SHARE mode allows other users to place shared locks on other
portions of the table, but it prevents users from placing an
exclusive lock on the table
The SELECT . . . FOR UPDATE command can be used to
place a shared lock for a specific row or rows; the lock isnt
released unless a DDL command is issued or the user exits the
system
44
End of Chapter 5
45

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Chapter 5

Data Manipulation and

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Refresh the Database

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

DDL commands execute as soon as they are

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

DML commands need to be explicitly saved or

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Security Granting Table Privileges

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Used to add rows to existing tables

Syntax of the INSERT command

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

You now are able to

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

The acctmanaer Table Creation

CREATE TABLE acctmanager

Inserting New Records

Employment Date Salary

Table 5-2 Data for Account Managers

Type the following commands:

Inserting New Records (Your Turn )

INSERT Command Examples

The INSERT command for Nick Taylor

Use an INSERT statement that applies a DEFAULT column option

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Three Ways Inserting NULL Value

The INSERT INTO command for Mandy Lopez

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

NULL value input

Three Ways Inserting SYSDATE Value

Handling Virtual Columns

-- chapter 5, Figure 5-11; p. 144

Handling Virtual Columns (cont.)

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Manage Virtual Column Input

Figure 5-13 Error caused by using a virtual column in an INSERT statement

Handling Single Quotes in an INSERT Value

-- chapter 5, Figure 5-16; p. 147

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Inserting Data from an Existing Table

Figure 5-19 INSERT INTO command with a subquery

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

-- chapter 5, Figure 5-20; p. 149

Modifying Existing Rows

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

UPDATE Command Syntax

Figure 5-21 Syntax of the UPDATE command

UPDATE Command Examples

-- chapter 5, Figure 5-24; p. 152

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

-- chapter 5, Figure 5-27; p. 154

Substitution Variable Example

Figure 5-27 Prompt for substitution variable input

Figure 5-28 Verify

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)

DELETE Command Omitting WHERE Clause

Figure 5-32 DELETE command without the WHERE clause

Dr. Chen, Oracle Database System (Oracle)