Dr. Chen's overview of database concepts

Chapter 1
Overview of Database Concepts

Jason C.H. Chen, Ph.D.
Professor of MIS
School of Business, Gonzaga University
Spokane, WA 99258 USA
chen@jepson.gonzaga.edu
Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems
Objectives
Define database terms
Identify the purpose of a database management
system (DBMS)
Explain database design using entity-relationship
models and normalization
Explain the purpose of a Structured Query
Language (SQL)
Understand how this textbooks topics are
sequenced and how the two sample databases are
used
What is Information ?
DATA
INFORMATION
Information is refined data.
Data vs. Information

Users really want is
Information
What users can learn from the data

how to satisfy their best customers
how to allocate their resources most efficiently,
how to minimize losses
Objectives of the MIS

Deliver the right information
to the right people,
at the right time,
with the right form.
Ultimately, MIS should
improve the workers
productivity.
who has what

information about
whom and when,
where, and how will
all be decided in the
process of building
an information
system.
A Relationship Between the Organization and

the DataBase
Organizational
IS Resources:
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4. Procedures
5. People
DataBase
Management
Systems
Old
State
Activities
Picture
Or
Model
Events
New
State
Transactions
(Add, modify, delete, )
D.B.
Correspond with the

processing of the events
Information must be:

1. Time: Timely,
2. Content: Accurate, relevant, and verifiable.
3. Form: Presented in a useable form.
User
TM 0-6
Questions
Is MS/Access or Oracle (SQL/Server or
IBM DB2) a data base?
Why dont we just create a huge data file
containing all fields (columns)?
Have you ever created a database (with many
applications) with only one huge data file
containing all fields (columns)?
Traditional File Processing Approach

Traditional File Processing
An application uses one specialized file. For example,
purchase order processing application uses data about
supplier and products, while an order-taking application uses
data about customer, products and orders.
Problems:
Data dependence: data structures are tightly coupled with
applications. In other words, we prefer data independence.
Data redundancy: same data are repeatedly saved for
different applications.
Other problems
Types of Data Processing

Two types of data processing
File-based (traditional) data processing
applications developed by Java
Data-based data processing

applications developed by Oracle or MS/Access)
Three file processing systems at a Furniture Company
Duplicate
Data
What is the main

problem in the
companys processing
systems?
Disadvantages of File Processing

Program-Data Dependence
All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)

Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same
data
Limited Data Sharing

No centralized control of data
Lengthy Development Times

Programmers must design their own file formats
Excessive Program Maintenance

80% of of information systems budget
11
Database Management System

Application
#1
Application
#2
Application
#3
DBMS
Database
containing
centralized
shared data
DBMS manages data

resources like an operating
system manages hardware
resources
What are the advantages of employing

Data-based File Processing?
Traditional File Processing

Applications
Purchasing
System
Data Files
Product
Supplier
Name, item#,
description...
Sales
order processing
system
Name, item#,
description...
Sales rep
Product
Database Management Systems
D a tab a s e
P u rch a sing
Sys te m
D a ta b a s e
M an a g e m e n t
Sys te m s
P rodu ct
S ales rep
S a le s
o rd er pro ce s s in g
sys te m
S up plie r
Database Terminology
Database an organized collection of
logically related data files
Database management system
(DBMS) software used to create
and interact with the database
15
Database Components
Character
Basic unit of data
Can be a letter, number, or special symbol
Field
A group of related characters
Represents an attribute or characteristic of an entity
Corresponds to a column in the physical database
Record
A collection of fields for one specific entity
Corresponds to a row in the physical database
File
A group of records about the same type of entity
16
Relational Databases
Data is organized in tables
Columns (fields) represent different data categories
Rows (records) contain actual data values
17
Database Example
18
Components Example
Relational Database Terms

Entity: an object about which you want to store data
Table, column, row
Flat file, attribute (or field), record
Relationships: links that show how different records are

related
Key Fields: establish relationships among records in
different tables
Five main types of key fields:
primary keys
candidate keys
surrogate keys
foreign keys
composite keys
20
Primary Keys vs. Candidate Keys

Primary key
Value must be unique for each record
Serves to identify the record
Present in every record
Cant be NULL
Should be numeric
Candidate key
Any field that could be used as the primary key
Should be a unique, unchanging numeric field
21
Surrogate Keys
Surrogate key: created to be the records primary key
identifier when no suitable primary key exists
Surrogate key has no real relationship to the record to
which it is assigned, other than to identify the record
uniquely
Developers configure the database to generate
surrogate key values automatically
In an Oracle database, you can automatically generate
surrogate key values using a sequence
Surrogate keys are always numerical fields, because
the database generates surrogate key values
automatically by incrementing the previous value by
one
22
Foreign Keys
Foreign key: a field in a table that is a primary key in
another table
Foreign key creates a relationship between the two tables
Foreign key value must exist in the table where it is a
primary key
23
Composite Key
Composite key: a unique key that you create by
combining two or more fields
Usually comprised of fields that are primary keys
in other tables
Composite
Key
ORDER_ID
PRODUCT_ID
ORDER_QUANTITY
100
100
200
200
24
Database Management System

Data storage: manage the physical structure of the
database
Security: control user access and privileges
Multiuser access: manage concurrent data access
Backup: enable recovery options for database failures
Data access language: provide a language that allows
database access
Data integrity: enable constraints or checks on data
Data dictionary: maintain information about database
structure
25
Client/Server Database
Management Systems
Client/server database
Takes advantage of distributed processing and networked
computers by distributing processing across multiple
computers
DBMS server process runs on one workstation, and the
database applications run on separate client workstations
across the network
Preferred for database applications that retrieve and
manipulate small amounts of data from databases
containing large numbers of records because they
minimize network traffic and improve response times
Organizations generally use a client/server database if the

database will have more than 10 simultaneous users and
if the database is mission critical
26
The Oracle11g Client/Server Database

Oracle11g is the latest release of Oracle Corporations
relational database management system
All Oracle server- and client-side programs use Oracle
Net, a utility that enables the network communication
between the client and the server
DATABASE TRENDS
Linking Internal Databases to the Web
N
28
Web-Based Client/Server Database Architecture

2. Request for
data-based Web page
1. Request for
data-based Web page
Network
8. Data-based
Web page
Web Browser
3. Data query
6. Retrieved data
7. Data-based
Web page
4. Data
query
Web server
5. Retrieved
data
Legend
Communications
Between Web browser
And Web server
Database Server
Communications
Between Web server
And database server
29
System Response Time

Depends on ...
the speed of the network
the size of the database
the way the database is used
a personal database running on a server

might handle 10 users making database
transactions at the same time before
becoming overloaded.
30
Advantages of Client/Server Database

Management Systems
Handling server and client failures

Processing transactions
Handling high data volumes
Providing security
Servicing multiple simultaneous users
31
SQL, SQL*Plus, and PL/SQL

Language or Tool
Description
SQL
A command language for communication with the

Oracle 10/11Server from any tool or application. Oracle
SQL contains many extensions.
An Oracle tool that recognizes and submits SQL and
PL/SQL statements to the Server for execution and
contains its own command language.
An Oracle Procedural Language for writing application
logic and manipulating data outside the database.
SQL*Plus
PL/SQL
Terminal
Buffer
SQL and
PL/SQL
Scripts
SQL*Plus
Server
Design Principles
To avoid creating tables that contain redundant
data, group related items that describe a single
entity together in a common table
Do not create tables that duplicate values many
times in different rows
When creating a database and inserting data
values, you must specify the data type for each
column
Recall that primary key fields should use a number
data type to avoid typographical, punctuation, and
case variation errors
33
Database Design
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Entity-relationship model (E-R model)
Normalization
34
Systems Development Life Cycle

Understand the
Business
Problem or
Opportunity
Develop an
Information
System
Solution
Systems Investigation
(Definition) Product:
Feasibility Study
Systems Analysis
Product:
Functional Requirements
Systems Design
Product:
System Specifications
Implement
the Information
System
Solution
Systems Implementation
Product:
Operational System
Systems Maintenance
Product:
Improved System
Systems Development Life Cycle

(SDLC)
Systems investigation understanding the problem
Systems analysis understanding the solution
Systems design creating the logical and physical
components
Systems implementation placing completed system
into operation
including integration, testing and deployment
Systems maintenance and review evaluating the

implemented system
36
Data Models
A data model is a collection of concepts for
describing data.
Three database models
Hierarchical
Network
Relational
CUSTOMER
ORDER
37
Entity-Relationship Model
(E-R Model)
Used to depict the relationship that exists among
entities
The following relationships can be included in
an E-R model:
One-to-one
One-to-many
Many-to-many
E-R Model Notation Examples
Figure 1-3 E-R Model notation examples
Please note that the name of entity should be singular even it contains multiple
instances
39
Figure 1-5 JustLee Books table structures after normalization

One-to-One Relationship
Each occurrence of data in one entity is
represented by only one occurrence of data
in the other entity
Example: Each order has just one invoice
and each invoice is assigned to just one
order
ORDER
INVOICE
41
One-to-Many Relationship
Each occurrence of data in one entity can be
represented by many occurrences of the
data in the other entity
Example: A class has only one instructor,
but each instructor can teach many classes
Class
Instructor
42
Many-to-Many Relationship
Data can have multiple occurrences in both
entities
Example: A student can take many classes,
and each class is composed of many
students
Can not be included in the physical database
Class
Student
43
JustLee Example E-R Model
44
Installing Personal Oracle11g

I created a Discussion Questions on the Bb for you to
share (or post question) your experience on installation of
Oracle 11g. Please participate and it will be also your
part of class performance.
Please note that if your computer with 64-bit operating

system such as Windows 7, you cant use the DVD to
install Oracle since it is for 32-bit OS. Rather you need
to download 64-bit Oracle 11g from the Oracle site
(www.oracle.com) or type in keyword search of Oracle
11g download.
45
Q: Can we create/enter the data base on the following table

immediately?
BOOKS table
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Author
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
T.Peterson
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
J.Austin
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
J.Adams
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
Amercian
Publishing
Davidson
W.White
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
Amercian
Publishing
Davidson
L.White
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
M.Kane
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
S. Little
ISBN
Title
8843172113
Database Normalization
Purposes
design a reliable and stable data bases
increase data integrity (reduce or control data
redundancy)
Processes
determines required tables and columns for
each table
multistep process
47
Problem Solving for Modeling a Database Project
Study and Analyze

w/Team
Business Problem
???
IMPLEMENTATION
Problem Solving for Modeling a Database Project
Study and Analyze

w/Team
Business Problem
User interview &

Integrated Model
ER or other Model
Normalization
Normalization
(3NF)
IMPLEMENTATION
Well-Structured Relations
A relation that contains minimal data redundancy
and allows users to insert, delete, and update rows
without causing data inconsistencies
Goal is to avoid (minimize) anomalies
Insertion Anomaly adding new rows forces user to
create duplicate data
Deletion Anomaly deleting rows may cause a loss of
data that would be needed for other future rows
Modification Anomaly changing data in a row forces
changes to other rows because of duplication
General rule of thumb: a table should not pertain to more

than one entity type
50
Functional Dependencies and Keys

Functional Dependency: The value of one attribute (the
determinant) determines the value of another attribute.
Candidate Key
A unique identifier. One of the candidate keys will become
the primary key
E.g. perhaps there is both credit card number and SS# in
a tablein this case both are candidate keys
Each non-key field is functionally dependent on every
candidate key
Figure 5-9
51
Database Normalization (continued)

Data redundancy refers to having the same data in
different places within a database
Data anomalies refers to data inconsistencies
Insertion anomaly
Deletion anomaly
Modification anomaly
Unnormalized Data
Contains repeating groups in the Author column
in the BOOKS table
Figure: 5-22 Steps in normalization

Table with Repeating
Group attributes
First normal
form (1NF)
Second normal
form(2NF)
Third normal
form (3NF)
Boyce-Codd normal
form (BC-NF)
Fourth normal
Form (4NF)
Fifth normal
form (5NF)
Remove Repeating
Group Attributes
Remove
Remove
Remove remaining
anomalies resulting from
multiple candidate keys
Remove Multivalued
Dependencies
Remove Remaining
Anomalies
First-Normal Form (1NF)

Primary key (pk) is identified
Repeating groups are eliminated
Every attribute value is atomic (singledvalue)
55
First-Normal Form (1NF) (continued)

ISBN and Author columns together create a
composite primary key
1NF: ISBN and Author fields together create a composite primary key
Q: What fields are dependent on ISBN alone ?
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Author
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
T.Peterson
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
J.Austin
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
J.Adams
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
Amercian
Publishing
Davidson
W.White
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
Amercian
Publishing
Davidson
L.White
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
M.Kane
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
S. Little
ISBN
Title
8843172113
Composite Primary Key

More than one field (column) is required to
uniquely identify a record (row).
Can lead to partial dependency a field is
only dependent on a portion of the primary
key
58
Second-Normal Form (2NF)

1NF and every non-key attribute is fully
functionally dependent on the primary key.
Partial dependency must be eliminated
Break the composite primary key into two
parts, each part representing a separate table
Every non-key attribute must be defined by the
entire key (either a single PK or a CK), not by
only part of the key
59
Second-Normal
Form (2NF) (continued)
BOOKS table in 2NF
ISBN
Author
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
8843172113
T.Peterson
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
8843172113
J.Austin
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
8843172113
J.Adams
1915762492
W.White
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
1915762492
L.White
6522489652
M.Kane
6522489652
60
S. Little
ISBN
Title
8843172113
1NF: ISBN and Author fields together create a composite primary key
Q: What fields are dependent on ISBN alone ?
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Author
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
T.Peterson
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
J.Austin
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
J.Adams
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
Amercian
Publishing
Davidson
W.White
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
Amercian
Publishing
Davidson
L.White
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
M.Kane
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
S. Little
ISBN
Title
8843172113
Fig: A Process from 1NF to 2NF
Dependency on entire primary key (ISBN & Author)

ISBN
Title
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Author
Dependency on partial primary key (ISBN)

Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Author
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
T.Peterson
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
J.Austin
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
J.Adams
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
Amercian
Publishing
Davidson
W.White
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
Amercian
Publishing
Davidson
L.White
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
M.Kane
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
S. Little
ISBN
Title
8843172113
Fig: A Process from1NF to 2NF

ISBN
Title
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Author
ISBN & Author Title, Publication Date, Cost

ISBN Title, Publication Date, Cost
Therefore, NOT in 2nd Normal Form!!


ISBN
Title
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Author
ISBN
Title
Publication
Cost Retail Category Publisher Contact
Date
ISBN Author

Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Author
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
T.Peterson
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
J.Austin
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
J.Adams
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
Amercian
Publishing
Davidson
W.White
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
Amercian
Publishing
Davidson
L.White
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
M.Kane
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
S. Little
ISBN
Title
8843172113
ISBN
Author
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
8843172113
T.Peterson
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
8843172113
J.Austin
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
8843172113
J.Adams
1915762492
W.White
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
1915762492
L.White
6522489652
M.Kane
6522489652
S. Little
ISBN
Title
8843172113
Figure 1-5 JustLee Books table structures after normalization


Group attributes
Remove Repeating
Group Attributes
First normal
form (1NF)
Second normal
form(2NF)
Third normal
form (3NF)
Boyce-Codd normal
form (BC-NF)
Fourth normal
Form (4NF)
Fifth normal
form (5NF)
Remove Partial
Dependencies
Remove Transitive
Dependencies
Remove remaining
Remove Multivalued
Dependencies
Remove Remaining
Anomalies
Third Normal Form (3NF)

Transitive dependency must be eliminated
2NF and transitive dependencies (functional
dependency between non-key attributes) must
be eliminated
68

ISBN
Title
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Author
Is it in the 3NF?
ISBN
Title
Publication
Date
ISBN Author

All non-key fields are dependent on pk (ISBN)
ISBN
Title
Publication
Date
ISBN Title
ISBN Publication Date
ISBN Category
ISBN Publisher
ISBN Contact
and
Category Contact
All this is OK
(2nd NF)
a non-key field is dep. on another

non-key field
BUT
ISBN Category Contact
implies
ISBN Contact
Transitive dependency
(not in 3rd NF)
ISBN
ISBN
Title
Title
Publication
Date
Publication
Cost Retail Category Publisher
Date
Category
Contact
Third-Normal Form (3NF)

Publisher contact name has been removed
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
American
Publishing
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
ISBN
Title
8843172113
TABLE 1-5 The BOOKS Table in 3NF
Category
Contact
Computer
Davidson
Accounting
Brown
We might further create a look up table

for Category (see Table 1-6, p.12)

Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishin
g
Brown
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
ISBN
Title
8843172113
ISBN
Title
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
American
Publishing
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Category
Contact
Computer
Davidson
Accounting
Brown
Processes from 1NF 2NF 3NF

ISBN
Title
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Author

(remove partial dependency)
ISBN Title
Publication
Date
ISBN Author
(remove transitive dependency)
ISBN
Title
Publication
Date
Q: Finally, how many tables on the 3NF?

Category
Contact
Q: How many tables on the 3NF?

ISBN
Title
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Author
Answer: Three tables. What are they?

BOOK_AUTHOR
BOOKS
ISBN
Title
Publication
Date
Note that You cant do any

implementation until you transform
a table into 3NF (with more tables
produced)
ISBN Author
CATEGORY_CONTACT
Category
Contact
Processes from 1NF 2NF 3NF

Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
Contact
Author
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
T.Peterson
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
J.Austin
8843172113
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
Davidson
J.Adams
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
Amercian
Publishing
Davidson
W.White
1915762492
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
Amercian
Publishing
Davidson
L.White
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
M.Kane
6522489652
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
Brown
S. Little
ISBN
Title
8843172113
Publication
Date
Cost
Retail
Category
Publisher
ISBN
Author
Database
Implementation
04-JUN-03
31.40
55.95
Computer
American
Publishing
8843172113
T.Peterson
8843172113
J.Austin
Handcranked
Computers
21-JUN-05
21.80
25.00
Computer
American
Publishing
8843172113
J.Adams
Meaningful
Accounting
25-MAY-08
1915762492
W.White
1915762492
L.White
6522489652
M.Kane
6522489652
S. Little
ISBN
Title
8843172113
1915762492
6522489652
41.60
85.00
Accounting
Articulate
Publishing
fk(foreign key)
Category Code
Category
Category
Contact
10
Computer
Computer
Davidson
50
Accounting
Accounting
Brown
We will learn all detailed processes in the main text (ch.4)

Group attributes
Remove Repeating
Group Attributes
First normal
form (1NF)
Second normal
form(2NF)
Third normal
form (3NF)
Boyce-Codd normal
form (BC-NF)
Fourth normal
Form (4NF)
Fifth normal
form (5NF)
Remove Partial
Dependencies
Remove Transitive
Dependencies
Remove remaining
Remove Multivalued
Dependencies
Remove Remaining
Anomalies
Summary of Normalization Steps

1NF: eliminate repeating groups, identify
the primary key
2NF: table is in 1NF, and partial
dependencies are eliminated
3NF: table is in 2NF, and transitive
dependencies are eliminated
78

Group attributes
Remove Repeating
Group Attributes
First normal
form (1NF)
Second normal
form(2NF)
Third normal
form (3NF)
Boyce-Codd normal
form (BC-NF)
Fourth normal
Form (4NF)
Fifth normal
form (5NF)
Remove Partial
Dependencies
Remove Transitive
Dependencies
Remove remaining
Remove Multivalued
Dependencies
Remove Remaining
Anomalies
Relating Tables within the Database

Once tables are normalized, make certain
tables are linked
Tables are linked through a common field
A common field is usually a primary key in
one table and a foreign key in the other
table
80
Category_Contact
Category
Contact
Lookup Table
Common reference for descriptive data
tables referenced in a foreign key
fk(foreign key)
Category Code
Category
10
Computer
50
Accounting
82
Structured Query Language (SQL)

Data sublanguage
Used to:
Create or modify tables

Add data to tables
Edit data in tables
Retrieve data from tables
ANSI and ISO standards

83
Databases Used in this Textbook

JustLee Books Database
Assumptions
No back orders or partial shipments
Only U.S. addresses
Completed orders are transferred to the annual
SALES table at the end of each month to enable
faster processing on the ORDERS table
84
Topic Sequence
The first half of the text will focus on
creating a database
The second half of the text will focus on
querying or retrieving data from a database
85
Summary
A DBMS is used to create and maintain a database
A database is composed of a group of interrelated tables
A file is a group of related records; a file is also called a table in the
physical database
A record is a group of related fields regarding one specific entity; a
record is also called a row
A common field is used to join data contained in different tables
A primary key is used to uniquely identify each record
A foreign key is a common field that exists between two tables but
is also a primary key in one of the tables
A lookup table is a common term for a table referenced in a foreign
key
A Structured Query Language (SQL) is a data sublanguage that
navigates the data stored within a databases tables
86
Summary (continued)
A record is considered unnormalized if it contains repeating
groups
A record is in first-normal form (1NF) if no repeating
groups exist and it has a primary key
Second-normal form (2NF) is achieved if the record is in
1NF and has no partial dependencies
After a record is in 2NF and all transitive dependencies have
been removed, then it is in third-normal form (3NF), which
is generally sufficient for most databases
87
Homework: Transform it into 3NF

SALES relation with simple data
SALES
Cust_ID
Name
Salesperson
Region
8023
Anderson
101
South
9167
Bancroft
102
West
7924
Hobbs
101
South
6837
Tucker
103
East
8596
Eckersley
102
West
7018
Arnold
104
North

Dr. Chen's overview of database concepts

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Chapter 1

Overview of Database Concepts

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Information is refined data.

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Data vs. Information

What users can learn from the data

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Objectives of the MIS

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

who has what

A Relationship Between the Organization and

Correspond with the

Information must be:

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Traditional File Processing Approach

Types of Data Processing

Data-based data processing

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Three file processing systems at a Furniture Company

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

What is the main

Disadvantages of File Processing

Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)

Limited Data Sharing

Lengthy Development Times

Excessive Program Maintenance

Database Management System

DBMS manages data

What are the advantages of employing

Traditional File Processing

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Database Management Systems

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

A group of records about the same type of entity

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Relational Database Terms

Relationships: links that show how different records are

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Primary Keys vs. Candidate Keys

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Database Management System

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Organizations generally use a client/server database if the

The Oracle11g Client/Server Database

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

Web-Based Client/Server Database Architecture

data-based Web page

System Response Time

a personal database running on a server

Advantages of Client/Server Database

Handling server and client failures

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems

SQL, SQL*Plus, and PL/SQL

A command language for communication with the

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems